{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1785424949538,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-25-00617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-25-00617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25-25-00617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-25-00617"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyurethane (PU) is widely used in medical products due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Electrospinning (ES) was employed to produce PU-based scaffolds intended for cardiovascular devices (CVD) from blends of Carbothane (Carb) with human serum albumin (HSA), dimethylacetamide (DMA), and drugs. Sirolimus (SRL)\u2014an immunosuppressive\/anti-proliferative drug\u2014and diclofenac (DF)\u2014a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug\u2014were introduced into ES blends to produce drug-enriched scaffolds that prevent inflammation and cell overgrowth. The biocompatibility, stability, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds and SRL release were studied. The scaffolds possessed good mechanical properties and were stable in PBS and blood plasma (BP) for 120 days. The minimal SRL release rate was observed for the scaffold 3%Carb\/10%HSA\/DMA\/SRL. A study of scaffold interaction with blood demonstrated good hemocompatibility of most scaffolds. A study of human gingival fibroblasts, endothelial cells (HUVEC and EA.hy926), and vascular smooth muscle cell interaction with scaffolds in vitro demonstrated variability in cell viability and pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-6 secretion, depending on both the scaffold composition and the cell type. The incorporation of DF into scaffolds decreased the concentration of IL-6 in the culture medium. The scaffold 3%Carb\/10%HSA\/DMA\/SRL is the best choice for CVD in terms of hemocompatibility, endothelialization, and the induction of minimal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27115081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:23:21Z","timestamp":1780622601000},"page":"5081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrospun Carbothane-Based Drug-Enriched Scaffolds for Cardiovascular Devices: Drug Release, Hemocompatibility, Endothelialization, and Immunological Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zhanna K.","family":"Nazarkina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris P.","family":"Chelobanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova Str. 20, Moscow 123592, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena O.","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aznaur","family":"Imenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"},{"name":"V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel P.","family":"Laktionov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.09.77","article-title":"Biomaterials for Vascular Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Ravi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rykowska, I., Nowak, I., and Nowak, R. (2020). Drug-Eluting Stents and Balloons\u2014Materials, Structure Designs, and Coating Techniques: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204624"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, H., Shi, X., and Yang, H. (2024). Recent Advances in Polyurethane for Artificial Vascular Application. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16243528"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000794","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000794","article-title":"A Novel Hybrid Silk Fibroin\/Polyurethane Arteriovenous Graft for Hemodialysis: Proof-of-Concept Animal Study in an Ovine Model","volume":"9","author":"Riboldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729818776571","article-title":"Early Cannulation Grafts for Haemodialysis: An Updated Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Shakarchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Access"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"564","article-title":"PK Papyrus Covered Stent: Device Description and Early Experience for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Perforations","volume":"94","author":"Kandzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.06.083","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of polyurethane vascular grafts for early hemodialysis access","volume":"66","author":"Kakisis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"492","article-title":"Meta-long Papyrus: Meta-analysis of mid to long-term outcomes of PK Papyrus coveredstent","volume":"104","author":"Birkemeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.08.017","article-title":"Clinical outcomes afterimplantation of polyurethane-covered cobalt-chromium stents: In-sights from the Papyrus-Spain registry","volume":"29","author":"Amat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartu\u015b, J., Januszek, R., Hudziak, D., Ko\u0142odziejczak, M., Ku\u017ama, \u0141., Tajstra, M., Figatowski, T., Paw\u0142owski, T., Gruz-Kwapisz, M., and Smolarek-Nicpo\u0144, M. (2021). Clinical outcomes followinglarge vessel coronary artery perforation treated with covered stentimplantation: Comparison between polytetrafluoroethylene- andpolyurethane-covered stents (CRACK-II Registry). J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225441"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernonosova, V.S., and Laktionov, P.P. (2022). Structural Aspects of Electrospun Scaffolds Intended for Prosthetics of Blood Vessels. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091698"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.04.063","article-title":"Polyurethane-Based Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"450","author":"Cherng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1517\/17425241003602259","article-title":"Drug Release Kinetics and Transport Mechanisms of Non-Degradable and Degradable Polymeric Delivery Systems","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.53388\/BMEC2026004","article-title":"Diclofenac-Enriched Polyurethane-Based Scaffolds Produced by Electrospinning: Drug Release, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Inflammatory Effect","volume":"5","author":"Nazarkina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsov, K.A., Stepanova, A.O., Kvon, R.I., Douglas, T.E.L., Kuznetsov, N.A., Chernonosova, V.S., Zaporozhchenko, I.A., Kharkova, M.V., Romanova, I.V., and Karpenko, A.A. (2018). Electrospun Produced 3D Matrices for Covering of Vascular Stents: Paclitaxel Release Depending on Fiber Structure and Composition of the External Environment. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0231.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazarkina, Z.K., Chelobanov, B.P., Chernonosova, V.S., Romanova, I.V., Karpenko, A.A., and Laktionov, P.P. (2020). Sirolimus-Eluting Electrospun-Produced Matrices as Coatings for Vascular Stents: Dependence of Drug Release on Matrix Structure and Composition of the External Environment. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122692"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2017). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 4: Selection of Tests for Interactions with Blood (Standard No. ISO 10993-4:2017)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204930y","article-title":"Penetration of Amphiphilic Quantum Dots through Model and Cellular Plasma Membranes","volume":"6","author":"Dubavik","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1525720","article-title":"Diclofenac Release from Polycaprolactone 3D Matrices Produced by Electrospinning: Influence of Fiber Structure and Composition of the Surrounding Medium","volume":"68","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3640","article-title":"Synergistic Augmentation of Rapamycin-Induced Autophagy in Malignant Glioma Cells by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase\/Protein Kinase B Inhibitors","volume":"65","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.12.034","article-title":"Cell-Matrix Mechanical Interaction in Electrospun Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Implications for Scaffold Design and Performance","volume":"50","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122113","article-title":"Dual-Jet Electrospun PDLGA\/PCU Nonwovens as Promising Mesh Implant Materials with Controlled Release of Sirolimus and Diclofenac","volume":"625","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000069330.41022.90","article-title":"New Frontiers in Cardiology: Drug-Eluting Stents: Part I","volume":"107","author":"Sousa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121732.85572.6F","article-title":"Enhanced Inhibition of Neointimal Hyperplasia by Genetically Engineered Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"109","author":"Kong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marei, I., Ahmetaj-Shala, B., and Triggle, C.R. (2022). Biofunctionalization of Cardiovascular Stents to Induce Endothelialization: Implications for in- Stent Thrombosis in Diabetes. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.982185"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yau, J.W., Teoh, H., and Verma, S. (2015). Endothelial Cell Control of Thrombosis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0124-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14093","article-title":"Thrombogenicity of Biomaterials Depends on Hemodynamic Shear Rate","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3984","article-title":"Human Serum Albumin in Electrospun PCL Fibers: Structure, Release, and Exposure on Fiber Surface: Protein in Electrospun Fibers from Polymer Blends","volume":"28","author":"Chernonosova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.896633","article-title":"Adsorption of Albumin on Flax Fibers Increases Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Blood Compatibility In Vitro","volume":"25","author":"Michel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2016). Cardiovascular Implants and Extracorporeal Systems\u2014Vascular Prostheses\u2014Tubular Vascular Grafts and Vascular Patches (Standard No. ISO 7198:2016)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200045","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200045","article-title":"Immunomodulation Strategies for the Successful Regeneration of a Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314330","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231151921","article-title":"The Role of Gingival Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis","volume":"102","author":"Wielento","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"14","article-title":"Interleukin-6: It\u2019s role in the organism, genetic polymorphism and significance in certain diseases Nauchno-Prakt","volume":"21","author":"Tiis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120712","article-title":"A Study Focused on Macrophages Modulation Induced by the Polymeric Electrospun Matrices (EL-Ms) for Application in Tissue Regeneration: In Vitro Proof of Concept","volume":"603","author":"Pisani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratner, B. (2023). Vascular Grafts: Technology Success\/Technology Failure. BME Front., 4.","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0003"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01082.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Producing Phaeochromocytoma: Direct IL-6 Suppression by Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","volume":"54","author":"Shimizu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1039\/c0fo00113a","article-title":"Transcription Profiles of LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Monocytes and Macrophages: A Tool to Study Inflammation Modulating Effects of Food-Derived Compounds","volume":"1","author":"Chanput","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-007-0051-9","article-title":"Intracellular Localization of Natural and Modified Oligonucleotides in Primary Human Endothelial Cells","volume":"143","author":"Laktionov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 12: Sample Preparation and Reference Materials (Standard No. ISO 10993-12:2021)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/5081\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:26:13Z","timestamp":1780622773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/5081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27115081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27115081","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}