{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:58:34Z","timestamp":1781153914988,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraordinary genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), driven by high mutation and recombination rates, poses significant challenges for diagnostics, therapy, and vaccine development. While variable regions enable immune escape, hyperconserved regions are critical for viral function and represent promising targets for novel therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to develop and validate a bioinformatic algorithm for quantitative assessment of sequence conservation and automated identification of functionally significant conserved regions across all major HIV-1 proteins. A total of 1119 full-length HIV-1 genome sequences representing major subtypes (A1, A2, A6, B, C, D, F1, F2, G, H, J, K) were analyzed. Normalized Shannon entropy (S-index) was calculated for each alignment column. Statistical thresholds for conserved regions were established using 95% confidence intervals derived from bootstrap resampling. Two complementary algorithms, clustering and local maxima detection, were applied to identify conserved regions, which were subsequently mapped to known functional domains based on literature data. Protein conservation varied markedly, with Sm values ranging from 0.784 (Vpu) to 0.920 (Pol). Gag, Pol, and Vpr demonstrated the highest overall conservation, while Env, Rev, Tat, and Vpu exhibited pronounced variability interspersed with conserved domains. In total, 25 conserved regions in Gag, 49 in Pol, 28 in Env, and 6\u20134 regions in accessory proteins (Vif, Vpr, Rev, Tat, Nef, Vpu) were identified. These regions corresponded to critical functional elements including enzyme catalytic centers, zinc fingers, receptor-binding sites, protein interaction interfaces, and membrane-anchoring domains. The developed computational framework enables statistically grounded identification of evolutionarily constrained regions across analyzed HIV-1 subtypes. The identified conserved regions represent candidate sites for further investigation and may inform downstream studies focused on antiviral target prioritization, immunogen design, and diagnostic assay development. However, their translational applicability requires additional analytical, structural, and experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27115139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:18:16Z","timestamp":1780679896000},"page":"5139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying Conserved Regions in HIV-1 Proteins by Entropy Analysis of Sequence Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr N.","family":"Shchemelev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena N.","family":"Serikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia V.","family":"Ostankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir S.","family":"Davydenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward S.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areg A.","family":"Totolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 13). 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