{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:58:39Z","timestamp":1780981119738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2025JBFZ02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JBFZ02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFD2400700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2400700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is known to regulate lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, and the immune system in mammals and other aquatic species. However, studies on atRA in crustaceans, especially in Eriocheir sinensis, are still scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of dietary or injected atRA on female crabs during the fattening period. In the dietary regulation experiment, 270 female crabs were fed diets containing different doses of atRA (0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 mg\/kg) for a total of 49 days. In the in vivo injection experiment, 90 females were divided into an experimental group (injected with a 0.3 \u03bcg\/g dose of atRA) and a control group (injected with the same amount of DMSO solvent). Injections were given weekly throughout the 35-day experimental period. Results: Both dietary atRA and atRA injection promoted ovarian development, as evidenced by increased GSI, elevated serum Vg levels, decreased GIH, and upregulated expression of vg, vgr, and rxr genes. In terms of mechanism, dietary atRA promoted ovarian development via the upregulation of pyrimidine nucleotides and dehydroepiandrosterone, which supplied nucleic acid precursors and hormonal support. Furthermore, RXR was identified as a potential key target of atRA in inducing ovarian development, as molecular docking revealed that atRA could spontaneously bind to RXR. Moreover, following atRA injection, the expression of rxr, along with key genes involved in ovarian development, lipid synthesis, and lipid transport, was significantly upregulated. In addition, the atRA diet created a favorable microenvironment for ovarian development by reducing pro-inflammatory lipid levels in the ovary. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that atRA modulates energy and lipid metabolism by activating the AMPK pathway. In terms of the bacterial community structure, the atRA diet significantly decreased Fusobacterium abundance and enriched Parabacteroides as the signature beneficial bacterium. In terms of nutritional quality, the atRA diet markedly reduced saturated and trans-fatty acids while increasing monounsaturated fatty acids and various key essential amino acids. Conclusions: This study revealed that atRA plays a key role in promoting ovarian development, improving nutritional quality, and modulating the structure of the microbiota, thereby providing theoretical support for healthy aquaculture of female crabs during the fattening period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27115148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:18:16Z","timestamp":1780679896000},"page":"5148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Ovarian Development, Lipid Metabolism, Nutritional Quality, and Gut Microbiota of Female Chinese Mitten Crab During Fattening Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3671-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gangchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8906-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, J., Hou, X., Yue, W., Huang, S., and Wang, C. (2019). Tissue expression profiles unveil the gene interaction of hepatopancreas, eyestalk, and ovary in the precocious female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. BMC Genet., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-019-0716-1"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"102518","article-title":"Multi-omics profiling reveals the lipid metabolism during gonadal maturation in male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00411-0","article-title":"Variation in lipid composition of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis during ovarian maturation","volume":"130","author":"Wen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200033336900","article-title":"Retinoic acid metabolism and mechanism of action: A review","volume":"4","author":"Marill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.1.30","article-title":"Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: Interactions with endogenous retinoic acids","volume":"90","author":"Allenby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2004.00823.x","article-title":"Changes of retinoid contents in larval Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Artemia nauplii enriched with a large dose of all trans retinoic acid","volume":"70","author":"Haga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90479-V","article-title":"9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor","volume":"68","author":"Heyman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.209353","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid improves cholestasis in \u03b1-naphthyl isothiocyanate\u2013treated rats and Mdr2\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"349","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Wang, L., Gu, Z., Liu, C., Ye, T., Yan, J., Meng, J., Zheng, T., Ge, X., and Lin, Z. (2025). Dietary retinoic acid improved the growth, lipid metabolism and immune status in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Front. Mar. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1567872"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz249","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid counteracts diarrhea and inhibition of downregulated in adenoma expression in gut inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Priyamvada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1743725","article-title":"All-Trans Retinoic Acid (atRA) effectively improves liver steatosis in a rabbit model of high fat induced liver steatosis","volume":"28","author":"Zarei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Xu, H., Zhang, C., Bai, J., Song, J., Hao, B., Zhang, L., and Xia, G. (2022). Effects of vitamin A on Yanbian Yellow Cattle and their preadipocytes by activating AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway and intestinal Microflora. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121477"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109787","article-title":"Retinol metabolism signaling participates in microbiota-regulated fat deposition in obese mice","volume":"136","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-006-0099-4","article-title":"Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on germ cell development of embryos and larvae of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii","volume":"61","author":"Pakdeenarong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2025.11.003","article-title":"Effects of different temperatures on ovarian development, lipid metabolism and nutritional quality of Eriocheir sinensis during fattening","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00740-7","article-title":"Characterization of crab EcR and RXR homologs and expression during limb regeneration and oocyte maturation","volume":"189","author":"Durica","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23654","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23654","article-title":"The retinoid X receptor from mud crab: New insights into its roles in ovarian development and related signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"101733","article-title":"A comparative transcriptomics reveals stage-specific molecular mechanisms during early zoeal development in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740451","article-title":"The effect of dietary vitamin A supplementation on growth, gonadal development, molting, immunity, and ammonia nitrogen resistance in sub-adult male Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"581","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047183","article-title":"Reproductive regulators in decapod crustaceans: An overview","volume":"214","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00053-9","article-title":"The vitellogenin cDNA of Cherax quadricarinatus encodes a lipoprotein with calcium binding ability, and its expression is induced following the removal of the androgenic gland in a sexually plastic system","volume":"127","author":"Abdu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.101934","article-title":"In vitro assessment of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ on vitellogenesis and expression of genes related to ovarian development in female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"297","article-title":"The initial study on the relationship between vitellogenin and calcium ion in Carassius auratus cuvieri","volume":"17","author":"Chaojun","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Fish. China"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-015-9869-9","article-title":"Docking simulations suggest that all-trans retinoic acid could bind to retinoid X receptors","volume":"29","author":"Tsuji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided. Mol. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, K.R., and Kim, H.K. (2025). All-trans retinoic acid attenuates inflammation and insulin resistance induced by adipocyte\u2013macrophage coculture. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30204111"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10005","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid displays multiple effects on the growth, lipo-genesis and adipokine gene expression of AML-I preadipocyte cell line","volume":"37","author":"Morikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.06.005","article-title":"Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-\u03b2 acts upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian cells","volume":"2","author":"Woods","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1163\/1937240X-00002278","article-title":"Thyroxine distribution in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, ovary, sponge, and larvae of female mud crabs (Scylla serrata) during ovarian maturation","volume":"34","author":"Iromo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crustac. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4632","article-title":"Thyroid-like hormone signaling in invertebrates and its potential role in initial screening of thyroid hormone system disrupting chemicals","volume":"19","author":"Morthorst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3","article-title":"The optimum dose of thyroxine hormone supplementation in broodstock mud crab (Scylla serrata) to accelerate ovarian maturation","volume":"6","author":"Iromo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0126","article-title":"Cloning of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) and its type II receptor from zebrafish ovary and role of TGF-\u03b21 in oocyte maturation","volume":"144","author":"Kohli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97772-z","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily and their expression in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devesa, J., and Caicedo, D. (2019). The role of growth hormone on ovarian functioning and ovarian angiogenesis. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00450"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-349282","article-title":"Rap1 promotes VEGFR2 activation and angiogenesis by a mechanism involving integrin \u03b1v\u03b23","volume":"118","author":"Lakshmikanthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab077","article-title":"A central role for cAMP\/EPAC\/RAP\/PI3K\/AKT\/CREB signaling in LH-induced follicular Pgr expression at medaka ovulation","volume":"105","author":"Ogiwara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25259\/JRHM_7_2020","article-title":"Cyclic nucleotides regulate oocyte meiotic maturation and quality in mammals","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"JRHM"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.124","article-title":"The role of PKG in oocyte maturation of zebrafish","volume":"505","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Li, Q., Yang, L., Li, Q., and Du, X. (2021). SMAD4 feedback activates the canonical TGF-\u03b2 family signaling pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810024"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-13-0098","article-title":"ATP citrate lyase mediates resistance of colorectal cancer cells to SN38","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics4030017","article-title":"Solute Carrier Family 35 (SLC35)\u2014An overview and recent progress","volume":"4","author":"Kamiyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.07.010","article-title":"MCM9 is required for mammalian DNA mismatch repair","volume":"59","author":"Traver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz226","article-title":"Mouse t-complex protein 11 is important for progressive motility in sperm","volume":"102","author":"Castaneda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149782","article-title":"Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor ameliorates inflammatory response in polycystic ovary syndrome via inhibiting TLR4-NF-\u03baB-NLRP3 pathway","volume":"707","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-025-01744-w","article-title":"Mechanism by which SUGT1 downregulates FH to promote proliferation and migration in serous ovarian cancer","volume":"18","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8790","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31516-3","article-title":"Uptake and degradation of cytoplasmic RNA by hepatic lysosomes. Quantitative relationship to RNA turnover","volume":"266","author":"Heydrick","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2018.02.001","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEA-S) in mammalian reproduction: Known roles and novel paradigms","volume":"108","author":"Chimote","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1532\/IJH97.04117","article-title":"Synergistic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and retinoic acid on granulocytic differentiation of human promyelocytic NB4 cells","volume":"81","author":"Nakatsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.41.421","article-title":"Biochemical significance of 19-hydroxytestosterone in the process of aromatization in the human corpus luteum","volume":"41","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.08.070188.001431","article-title":"Riboflavin-binding proteins","volume":"8","author":"White","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i14.2018","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced imbalance in microbiome-derived butyric acid levels promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Chen, J., Yao, H., and Hu, H. (2018). Fusobacterium and colorectal cancer. Front. Oncol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00371"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, N., and Yang, C. (2024). Butyrate as a potential modulator in gynecological disease progression. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234196"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnac072","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac072","article-title":"Roles of intestinal Parabacteroides in human health and diseases","volume":"369","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55845-7","article-title":"Selective utilization of medicinal polysaccharides by human gut Bac-teroides and Parabacteroides species","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01065-2","article-title":"Parabacteroides produces acetate to alleviate heparanase-exacerbated acute pancreatitis through reducing neutrophil infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250230","article-title":"Oligomeric procyanidins combined with Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorate high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation reaction and bile acid metabolism in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022425","article-title":"A review of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism and the role of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522615","article-title":"Stearic acid unlike shorter-chain saturated fatty acids is poorly utilized for triacylglycerol synthesis and \u03b2-oxidation in cultured rat hepatocytes","volume":"31","author":"Pai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-24","article-title":"High levels of dietary stearate promote adiposity and deteriorate hepatic insulin sensitivity","volume":"7","author":"Guigas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4972","article-title":"Supplemental palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid reduces lipogenesis and desaturation in bovine adipocyte cultures","volume":"90","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Patel, V.B. (2019). Trans fatty acids and mortality. The Molecular Nutrition of Fats, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2015.31.3.307","article-title":"Analysis of trans fat in edible oils with cooking process","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, C., He, T., Zhang, W., Zhang, G., and Ma, X. (2018). Branched chain amino acids: Beyond nutrition metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040954"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"17","article-title":"Methionine and antioxidant potential","volume":"1","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antioxid. Act."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.009","article-title":"Role of methionine on epigenetic modification of DNA methylation and gene expression in animals","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, A.E. (2020). Phenylalanine metabolism. Aspartame, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003065289-7"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00496-8","article-title":"The effects of dietary retinoic acid on body lipid deposition in juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major); a preliminary study","volume":"193","author":"Ogata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"245","article-title":"Detection and mode of action of retinoids on ovarian development in the mud crab, Scylla serrata","volume":"7","author":"Venkaiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, P., Cao, L., Du, J., Gao, J., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Li, Q., Nie, Z., and Xu, G. (2023). Effects of prometryn exposure on hepatopancreas oxidative stress and intestinal flora in Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda). Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081548"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Determination of Moisture in Foods (Standard No. GB\/T 5009.3-2016)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Determination of Ash in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.4-2016)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2018). Determination of Crude Protein in Feeds\u2014Kjeldahl Method (Standard No. GB\/T 6432-2018)."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard Determination of Fat in Food (Standard No. GB 5009.6-2016)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/5148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:17:50Z","timestamp":1780978670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/11\/5148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27115148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27115148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]}}}