{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:01:24Z","timestamp":1780981284934,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in lifestyle-based therapy, achieving clinically meaningful reductions in blood lipid levels remains a major challenge in obese men with secondary hypercholesterolemia. Hypoxic exposure encompassing both training sessions and nocturnal rest may offer a novel adjunct to conventional interventions; however, no study has evaluated such a protocol in this population. Twenty sedentary men with obesity-related hypercholesterolemia were randomly allocated to a hypoxic group (H) or normoxic control group (C). Both groups completed an identical two-week high-intensity training program under an individualized calorie-restricted diet, residing at the same lowland location (~100 m above sea level). The H group trained and rested under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.4%, simulated altitude ~3000 m, 8 h nightly); C remained under normoxic conditions. The H group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in body mass (\u22124.1%) and fat mass (\u221211.0%). Significant reductions in total cholesterol (\u221220.1%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u221221.3%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\u221223.1%), atherogenic index of plasma (\u221242.4%), and Castelli Risk Index I (\u221219.4%) occurred exclusively in the H group, accompanied by a strong downward trend in Castelli Risk Index II (p = 0.072). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change; for triglycerides, a clear downward trend was observed in the H group, approaching statistical significance within-group (p = 0.052). The magnitude of cholesterol reduction was significantly associated with body mass and fat loss (r = 0.61\u20130.67). A two-week intervention combining hypoxic training with nocturnal normobaric hypoxic exposure and caloric restriction produces clinically relevant improvements in lipid profile and body composition in men with obesity-related hypercholesterolemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:43:46Z","timestamp":1780897426000},"page":"5151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nocturnal Hypoxic Exposure Combined with Two-Week Hypoxic Training and Calorie Restriction Improves Lipid Profile and Body Composition in Men with Obesity-Related Hypercholesterolemia: A Controlled Intervention Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Emil","family":"J\u0119drzejewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Powiatowe Centrum Zdrowia Sp. z o.o., 05-400 Otwock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1813-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Niemaszyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"P\u0142oszczyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-217 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-3597(07)80025-1","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Cannon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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