{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:01:39Z","timestamp":1781157699322,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial dysfunction is an early step in atherogenesis, and adhesion molecules such as E-selectin may serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between E-selectin and inflammatory, nutritional, and mineral\u2013bone metabolism markers in hemodialysis (HD) patients, as well as its association with endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We conducted a cross-sectional study including 68 HD patients (mean age 59.7 \u00b1 12.5 years). Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed, including inflammatory, nutritional, and mineral\u2013bone disorder markers. Associations with E-selectin were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable models. Endothelial function was evaluated using FMD. In multivariable analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.002), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (p = 0.001), white blood cell count (WBC) (p = 0.015), and soluble CD163 (sCD163) (p = 0.042) were independently associated with E-selectin. In the subgroup with high hs-CRP values, a significant increase was observed in both E-selectin levels and adiposity tissue markers (adipose tissue mass and waist circumference). In younger patients with inflammation, E-selectin was inversely correlated with FMD (\u03c1 = \u22120.64, p = 0.008). In conclusion, E-selectin was associated with markers of inflammation, mineral\u2013bone disorder, and endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Novel associations of E-Selectin with sCD163 and ALP were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:43:46Z","timestamp":1780897426000},"page":"5156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of E-Selectin with Inflammation, Mineral and Bone Disorder, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Crina Claudia","family":"Rusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5463-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6995-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Potra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dacian","family":"Tirinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ticala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Maslyennikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9928-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Urs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Ticolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pathophysiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmina Ioana","family":"Bondor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Kacso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Nephrology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00153-9","article-title":"Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Price","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.04.056","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers and CKD Incidence in the REGARDS Cohort","volume":"9","author":"Short","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-014-0955-4","article-title":"Relationship of late arteriovenous fistula stenosis with soluble E-selectin and soluble EPCR in chronic hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula","volume":"19","author":"Bilgic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.06.019","article-title":"Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"411","author":"Malyszko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00784.x","article-title":"Inflammation in end-stage renal disease--what have we learned in 10 years?","volume":"23","author":"Carrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-46410-5_10","article-title":"Functions of selectins","volume":"33","author":"Ley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Results Probl. Cell Differ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-343566","article-title":"Leukocyte ligands for endothelial selectins: Specialized glycoconjugates that mediate rolling and signaling under flow","volume":"118","author":"Zarbock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.000553","article-title":"Selectin-carbohydrate interactions and the initiation of the inflammatory response","volume":"64","author":"Lasky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milo\u0161evi\u0107, N., R\u00fctter, M., Ventura, Y., Feinshtein, V., and David, A. (2025). Targeted Polymer\u2013Peptide Conjugates for E-Selectin Blockade in Renal Injury. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010082"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M., Videira, P.A., and Sackstein, R. (2018). E-Selectin Ligands in the Human Mononuclear Phagocyte System: Implications for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01878"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(02)00367-8","article-title":"Selectins: Lectins that initiate cell adhesion under flow","volume":"14","author":"McEver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.2.205","article-title":"Importance of primary capture and L-selectin-dependent secondary capture in leukocyte accumulation in inflammation and atherosclerosis in vivo","volume":"194","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.149179","article-title":"Vascular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Galkina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1160\/TH02-09-0083","article-title":"Soluble E-selectin in cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. A review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Roldan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712798918770","article-title":"Potential therapeutic targeting of platelet-mediated cellular interactions in atherosclerosis and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Nagy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.12.4533","article-title":"Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: Characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1","volume":"83","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.2.661","article-title":"Induction and detection of a human endothelial activation antigen in vivo","volume":"164","author":"Cotran","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"H278","article-title":"Characterization of E-selectin expression in vivo with use of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody","volume":"266","author":"Keelan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tvaro\u0161ka, I., Selvaraj, C., and Ko\u010da, J. (2020). Selectins\u2014The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules\u2014A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122835"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Huang, S., Zhu, Z., Gatt, A., and Liu, J. (2024). E-selectin in vascular pathophysiology. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1401399"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Hamm, L.L., Mohler, E.R., Hudaihed, A., Arora, R., Chen, C.S., Liu, Y., Browne, G., Mills, K.T., and Kleinpeter, M.A. (2015). Interrelationship of Multiple Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers with Chronic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132047"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c74","DOI":"10.1159\/000252806","article-title":"Soluble e-selectin is an inverse and independent predictor of left ventricular wall thickness in end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"114","author":"Stancanelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinellu, A., and Mangoni, A.A. (2021). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Statins on Circulating E-Selectin, L-Selectin, and P-Selectin. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111707"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220600683698","article-title":"Influence of oral vitamin E therapy on micro-inflammation and cardiovascular disease markers in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Hodkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1188","article-title":"Effect of secondary hyperparathyroidism treatment with cinacalcet on selected adipokines and markers of endothelial injury in hemodialysis patients: A preliminary report","volume":"122","author":"Hryszko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1829-6","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01841.x","article-title":"Circulating E-selectin as a risk marker in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"262","author":"Malatino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.186992","article-title":"Association of E-selectin with hematological, hormonal levels and plasma proteins in children with end stage renal disease","volume":"5","author":"Meamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl115","article-title":"The E-selectin gene polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease","volume":"21","author":"Testa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107334","article-title":"Microbiota alterations associated with vascular diseases: Postbiotics as a next-generation magic bullet for gut-vascular axis","volume":"207","author":"Flori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.8.2027","article-title":"The white blood cell adhesion molecule E-selectin predicts restenosis in patients with intermittent claudication undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty","volume":"95","author":"Belch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappenberg, A., Kardell, M., and Zarbock, A. (2022). Selectin-Mediated Signaling\u2014Shedding Light on the Regulation of Integrin Activity in Neutrophils. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081310"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.166686","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate induces leukocyte-endothelial interactions through up-regulation of E-selectin","volume":"285","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Guo, Z.P., Li, L., Li, M.M., Wang, T.T., Jia, R.Z., Cao, N., and Li, J.Y. (2013). TWEAK enhances E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression, and may contribute to the development of cutaneous vasculitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056830"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7537com","article-title":"TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a potent skeletal muscle-wasting cytokine","volume":"21","author":"Dogra","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Colio, L.M. (2014). TWEAK\/Fn14 Axis: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00003"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09231010","article-title":"Soluble TWEAK and PTX3 in nondialysis CKD patients: Impact on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.H., Kuo, F.C., Tang, W.H., Lu, C.H., Su, S.C., Liu, J.S., Hsieh, C.H., Hung, Y.J., and Lin, F.H. (2019). Serum E-selectin concentration is associated with risk of metabolic syndrome in females. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222815"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000230648.00027.00","article-title":"Fn14 is upregulated in cytokine-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells and is expressed in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques: Modulation by atorvastatin","volume":"37","author":"Martinez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.033","article-title":"The CD163-expressing macrophages recognize and internalize TWEAK potential consequences in atherosclerosis","volume":"207","author":"Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","article-title":"The systemic nature of CKD","volume":"13","author":"Zoccali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soluble CD163","volume":"72","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171","article-title":"Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Pober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1114-x","article-title":"The association of high sCD163\/sTWEAK ratio with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients","volume":"47","author":"Rusu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.026","article-title":"Evaluation of sCD163 and sTWEAK in patients with stable peripheral arterial disease and association with disease severity as well as long-term mortality","volume":"317","author":"Mrak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"9394","article-title":"Evaluation of serum sTWEAK and sCD163 levels in patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease","volume":"8","author":"Ilter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.016","article-title":"Impact of soluble TWEAK and CD163\/TWEAK ratio on long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"219","author":"Urbonaviciene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00803.x","article-title":"Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"63","author":"Block","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009096","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009096","article-title":"Inverse Association Between Serum Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Incident Hemodialysis","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456690","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2456690","article-title":"Endothelial injury is one of the risk factors for the progression of vascular calcification in patients receiving maintenance dialysis","volume":"47","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi308","article-title":"Association of mineral metabolism with an increase in cellular adhesion molecules: Another link to cardiovascular risk in maintenance haemodialysis?","volume":"21","author":"Arici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz055","article-title":"Most exposed: The endothelium in chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Cuenca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250457","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2250457","article-title":"Could long-term dialysis vintage and abnormal calcium, phosphorus and iPTH control accelerate aging among the maintenance hemodialysis population?","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2020.104105","article-title":"Vascular calcification: New insights into endothelial cells","volume":"134","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306751","article-title":"Serine protease activation essential for endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vascular calcification","volume":"117","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy325","article-title":"Endothelial cells exposed to phosphate and indoxyl sulphate promote vascular calcification through interleukin-8 secretion","volume":"34","author":"Bouabdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Duan, Y., Zhong, S., Chen, J., Li, J., and He, Z. (2022). RNA-seq analysis of extracellular vesicles from hyperphosphatemia-stimulated endothelial cells provides insight into the mechanism underlying vascular calcification. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02823-6"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-01956-1","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase is a strong predictor of mortality in ESKD patients: Analysis of the RISCAVID cohort","volume":"37","author":"Panichi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.248","article-title":"High alkaline phosphatase levels in hemodialysis patients are associated with higher risk of hospitalization and death","volume":"74","author":"Blayney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06091108","article-title":"Association of serum alkaline phosphatase with coronary artery calcification in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"4","author":"Shantouf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.356","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase levels associate with elevated serum C-reactive protein in chronic kidney disease","volume":"79","author":"Damera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.26","article-title":"Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphate hydrolysis: Potential mechanism for uremic vascular calcification","volume":"73","author":"Lomashvili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Pyrophosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and vascular calcification","volume":"99","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.035","article-title":"Pyrophosphate deficiency in vascular calcification","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa299","article-title":"TNAP as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular calcification: A discussion of its pleiotropic functions in the body","volume":"118","author":"Goettsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa-Bellosta, R. (2021). Vascular Calcification: Key Roles of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413536"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10091110","article-title":"Bone alkaline phosphatase and mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Drechsler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.04.012","article-title":"Prognostic importance of serum alkaline phosphatase in CKD stages 3-4 in a clinical population","volume":"62","author":"Taliercio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2011.00579.x","article-title":"P-selectin, E-selectin, and CD40L over time in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"16","author":"Bossola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert, T., Pawelzik, S.C., Witasp, A., Arefin, S., Hobson, S., Kublickiene, K., Shiels, P.G., B\u00e4ck, M., and Stenvinkel, P. (2020). Inflammation and Premature Ageing in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040227"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F938","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00256.2017","article-title":"Inflammation and premature aging in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"313","author":"Kooman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm924","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in CKD: A new player in town?","volume":"23","author":"Zoccali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-011-0022-y","article-title":"Randomized trial of bioelectrical impedance analysis versus clinical criteria for guiding ultrafiltration in hemodialysis patients: Effects on blood pressure, hydration status, and arterial stiffness","volume":"44","author":"Onofriescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.11152\/mu.2013.2066.181.ng","article-title":"Nitroglycerin mediated dilation evaluated by ultrasound is associated with sTWEAK in hemodialysis patients","volume":"18","author":"Rusu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:51:12Z","timestamp":1781157072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]}}}