{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:23Z","timestamp":1785413603848,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marshal\u2019s Office of the Lubusz Voivodeship"},{"name":"University of Zielona Gora","award":["DRG.V.042.8.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRG.V.042.8.2024"]}]},{"award":["DRG.V.042.8.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRG.V.042.8.2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fzm7v55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rs1544410 (BsmI) polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been implicated in metabolic regulation, although its role in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related phenotypes remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate associations between rs1544410, MetS status, and anthropometric and biochemical parameters in institutionalized older adults. A total of 95 participants were included, of whom 40% met the criteria for MetS. Anthropometric and biochemical profiles were assessed, and rs1544410 genotyping was performed. Differences between MetS and non-MetS groups were analyzed, and two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate genotype, MetS status, and their interaction effects. Participants with MetS showed an adverse cardiometabolic profile, characterized by higher triglycerides (TGs), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), as well as lower HDL-C levels compared with non-MetS individuals. No differences were observed for total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, or non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) between groups. Genotype distributions did not differ between MetS and non-MetS participants. However, significant genotype \u00d7 MetS interactions were observed for TG and NEFA, with a borderline interaction for WHR that was not confirmed in post hoc analyses. Carriers of the rs1544410 AA genotype within the MetS group exhibited higher TG and NEFA levels compared with other genotypes, whereas no genotype-dependent differences were observed in the non-MetS group. Importantly, AIP was higher in participants with MetS, with the highest values observed in AA genotype carriers. In conclusion, the rs1544410 polymorphism was not associated with MetS status but was linked to MetS-related differences in TG, NEFA, and AIP, suggesting selective effects on lipid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:33:44Z","timestamp":1781073224000},"page":"5212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of the VDR rs1544410 Polymorphism with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Traits in Institutionalized Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Szymon","family":"Michniewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanization of Health Care and Sexology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gibas-Dorna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Czy\u017cniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Pruszy\u0144ska-Oszma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wo\u0142ynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Ko\u0142odziejski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wo\u0142ynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142 Tomasz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Multispecialty Hospital in Nowa Sol, 7 Chalubinskiego Street, 67-100 Nowa Sol, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2633-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetics and Behavioral Epigenetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72 Street, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/152921","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome\u2014A New Definition and Management Guidelines: A Joint Position Paper by the Polish Society of Hypertension, Polish Society for the Treatment of Obesity, Polish Lipid Association, Polish Association for Study of Liver, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Division of Prevention and Epidemiology, Polish Cardiac Society, \u201cClub 30\u201d Polish Cardiac Society, and Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Society of Polish Surgeons","volume":"18","author":"Dobrowolski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112314","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Accelerates Epigenetic Ageing in Older Adults: Findings from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)","volume":"183","author":"McCarthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1609-3","article-title":"Frailty and Quality of Life in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome\u2014Findings from the Healthy Older People Everyday (HOPE) Study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goddard, G., Rajagopal, S., Wahbah Makhoul, G., and Raji, M.A. (2025). Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults: Through the Lens of Institute for Healthcare Improvement\u2019s (IHI) 4Ms Framework and Social Determinants of Health. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091370"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S177731","article-title":"Frequency of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in institutionalized elderly individuals","volume":"13","author":"Sales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"102988","article-title":"Measuring biological age: Insights from omics studies","volume":"114","author":"Benedik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0580","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"172","author":"Vitezova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, H., and Jang, K. (2026). Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Risk Clustering among Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare14050627"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00479-3","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Chinese Individuals: Evidence from the CLHLS","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00889-7","article-title":"Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome with Different Serum Vitamin D Levels in Middle-Aged and Older Adults","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55580-0_2","article-title":"Current Understanding of the Function of the Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor in Response to Its Natural and Synthetic Ligands","volume":"164","author":"Carlberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14147","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor(s): In the Nucleus but Also at Membranes?","volume":"29","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2004.19.2.265","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Human Muscle Tissue Decreases with Age","volume":"19","author":"Borchers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03208-3","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Older Population: A Consensus Statement","volume":"79","author":"Giustina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"316","article-title":"Impact of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms in Selected Metabolic Disorders","volume":"26","author":"Fronczek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200805101302","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS): A Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Totonchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/13685530802273426","article-title":"Relationship between Vitamin D Receptor BsmI and FokI Polymorphisms and Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters Describing Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Filus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tourkochristou, E., Mouzaki, A., and Triantos, C. (2023). Gene Polymorphisms and Biological Effects of the Vitamin D Receptor in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development and Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098288"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhawari, H., Jarrar, Y., Abulebdah, D., Abaalkhail, S.J., Alkhalili, M., Alkhalili, S., Alhawari, H., Momani, M., Obeidat, M.N., and Fram, R.K. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D Receptor Genotype on Lipid Profiles and Retinopathy Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Pilot Study. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091488"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lmaf078","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmaf078","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variations and Their Association with Cardiometabolic Risk and Microvascular Complications in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Evidence from a Turkish Cohort","volume":"57","author":"Senkal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-96","article-title":"Relationship between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and the Components of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Schuch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Bol\u00edvar, V., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, B., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, C., and Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, M. (2021). Mechanisms Involved in the Relationship between Vitamin D and Insulin Resistance: Impact on Clinical Practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103491"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186644"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.3.325","article-title":"The Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor: Biological and Molecular Regulatory Properties Revealed","volume":"13","author":"Haussler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.05.014","article-title":"Genetics and Biology of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms","volume":"338","author":"Uitterlinden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"547","article-title":"Associations between Vitamin D2 and Metabolic Indices in Institutionalized Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"76","author":"Chmielowiec","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmadhani, R., Zaharan, N.L., Mohamed, Z., Moy, F.M., and Jalaludin, M.Y. (2017). The Associations between VDR BsmI Polymorphisms and Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency, Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents Residing in a Tropical Country. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178695"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maaruf, S.M., Mohammad, D.K., Hassan, T.S., Aziz, A.D., Yashooa, R.K., Hassan, H.T., Agha, S.S.F., Daham, R.N.A., Aali, M.H., and Mustafa, S.A. (2026). Association of VDR BsmI Polymorphism and Vitamin D Status with Osteoarthritis Susceptibility. BMC Med. Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-026-02339-0"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000514338","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Serum Vitamin D Levels in a Greek Rural Population (Velestino Study)","volume":"14","author":"Divanoglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206556","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome among Elderly Care-Home Residents in Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"5","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"WHO South East Asia J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataei, S.M., Sheidaei, A., Golestani, A., Khosravi, S., Rashidi, M.M., Tabatabaei-Malazy, O., Haghshenas, R., Khalagi, K., and Larijani, B. (2025). Over-Time Changes in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Elderly Population in Iran from 2016 to 2021: A Nationwide Study. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331601"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.01.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular Consequences of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"183","author":"Tune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"64","article-title":"AIP\u2014Atherogenic Index of Plasma as a Significant Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk: From Research to Practice","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0590","article-title":"Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590802302985","article-title":"The Vitamin D Receptor Gene BsmI Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters Describing Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"24","author":"Lwow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.M., El Hajj Chehadeh, S., Abdulrahman, M., Osman, W., and Al Safar, H. (2018). Establishing a Genetic Link between FTO and VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Obesity in the Emirati Population. BMC Med. Genet., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0522-z"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0045","article-title":"Relationship between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Adiponectin in a Healthy Young Population","volume":"17","author":"Hajj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:35:37Z","timestamp":1781073337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125212","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}