{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:56:02Z","timestamp":1784346962526,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund","award":["67A307000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67A307000040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacopa monnieri (BM) is a traditional medicinal herb that has been reported to have neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. In this study, the antioxidant, safety, and neuroprotective properties of BM extract (BME) were assessed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of cognitive impairment. Ethanol was used for extraction, after which the ethanolic extract was profiled to characterize total phenolic and flavonoid content and major bioactive constituents. The assessment of antioxidant activity was done through several in vitro tests (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, NBT, OARC, and metal chelation). Toxicity was assessed in Caenorhabditis elegans using pharyngeal pumping and food clearance tests. For in vivo evaluation, rats were pre-treated with BME, and then LPS was administered, followed by evaluation of cognitive performance by the Morris water maze and Y-maze test. Phytochemical examination revealed the existence of phenolics and flavonoids, as well as bacoside A components. The extract showed good antioxidant activity, mainly via hydrogen atom transfer and single-electron transfer, suggesting effective radical scavenging and reducing ability, but no metal chelating activity was observed. Toxicity tests demonstrated that lower concentrations of the extract were well tolerated, and higher concentrations resulted in temporary inhibition of feeding behavior, indicating mild, dose-dependent effects. In the LPS-induced rat model, the inflammatory challenge produced significant cognitive deficits relative to normal controls, validating the model. Pre-treatment with BME at 70 mg\/kg did not produce statistically significant rescue of any behavioral endpoint compared with the LPS-only group, although small-to-medium effect sizes in the protective direction were observed for several measures. Additionally, BME modulated LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses by reducing cortical IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, iNOS, and COX-2 levels while enhancing hippocampal AChE and PGE2 activity, suggesting region-specific anti-inflammatory and cholinergic regulatory effects. The most robust positive findings of this study are therefore the phytochemical characterization and the in vitro antioxidant profile of this standardized extract, which support its potential as a candidate for further investigation in inflammation-related cognitive impairment; the in vivo findings are preliminary and warrant confirmation in larger-scale, dose-ranging studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:33:44Z","timestamp":1781073224000},"page":"5229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effects of Bacopa monnieri Extract in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dementia Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abosede Temitope","family":"Olajide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5025-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasithon","family":"Aunsorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Nakhon Ratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Abiodun","family":"Kehinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"},{"name":"Biochemical\/EnTox Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo Town 211001, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Yazhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thammarat","family":"Kaewmanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani 94000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasitorn","family":"Chusri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Research Group for Vulnerable Populations, School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Lui, F., and Tsao, J.W. 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