{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:50Z","timestamp":1785421670446,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NdS- II\/SP\/0431\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS- II\/SP\/0431\/2024\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["NdS- II\/SP\/0431\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS- II\/SP\/0431\/2024\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-exercise release of cardiac biomarkers reflects physiological adaptations of the myocardium to exercise; however, data on their kinetics after exhaustive exercise under hypoxia remain scarce. We determined the kinetics of cardiac biomarker changes following a single bout of exercise to volitional exhaustion under normoxia and moderate normobaric hypoxia (2000 m and 3000 m a.s.l.) in trained (n = 12; VO2max 64.2 \u00b1 2.9 mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121) and untrained (n = 12; VO2max 44.1 \u00b1 7.4 mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121) men. Participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) followed by a constant-workload exercise test (CXT) at the lactate threshold under three conditions (FiO2 = 20.9%, 16.5%, 14.4%). Venous blood was sampled at rest, immediately post-exercise, and at 2, 6, and 24 h of recovery for determination of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and I (cTnI), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase MB isoform (CK-MB), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) by ELISA. Exhaustive exercise induced significant elevations in all biomarkers, peaking at 2\u20136 h post-exercise and largely returning to resting values by 24 h. Moderate normobaric hypoxia did not augment the cardiac biomarker response; rather, it attenuated the increases in Mb, NT-proBNP, and IMA, likely due to earlier peripheral fatigue and lower absolute mechanical work. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia on cTnI release was observed exclusively in trained men, suggesting an interaction between training-related cardiac adaptations and the hypoxic stimulus. These findings support the safety of high-intensity exercise at simulated altitudes of 2000\u20133000 m a.s.l.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:33:44Z","timestamp":1781073224000},"page":"5234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of a Single Bout of Exercise to Volitional Exhaustion Under Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia on the Kinetics of Cardiac Biomarkers in Trained and Untrained Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Czuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"P\u0142oszczyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1813-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Niemaszyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Grzebisz-Zato\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Chalimoniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zef","family":"Langfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pultusk, 06-102 Pultusk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio, G., Di Fazio, N., Pellegrini, L., Ghamlouch, A., Del Duca, F., La Russa, R., Frati, P., Maiese, A., and Volonnino, G. 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