{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:16:39Z","timestamp":1785417399023,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2- NHS\". PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12377885: G23C24000830006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2- NHS\". PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12377885: G23C24000830006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2- NHS\". PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12377885: G23C24000830006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Next Generation EU - NRRP M6C2- NHS\". PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12377885: G23C24000830006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente RC2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente RC2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma frequently metastasises to the liver, although the mechanisms underlying hepatic pre-metastatic niche formation remain unclear. Small extracellular vesicles mediate tumour\u2013host communication and may drive hepatic microenvironment reprogramming. This study investigated the effects of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-derived small extracellular vesicles on extracellular matrix remodelling and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition-related plasticity in hepatic cells. Small extracellular vesicles were isolated from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines (MIAPaCa-2, PANC-1) and from the serum of 25 patients, characterized, and administered to hepatic stellate (LX-2) and hepatocyte-like (HEPA-RG) cells. Cell viability and migration were evaluated by functional assays, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and molecular changes by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In LX-2 cells, small extracellular vesicles exposure increased metabolic activity, adhesion, and migration, while inducing morphological and molecular changes associated with extracellular matrix remodelling, including reduced collagen type I alpha 2 chain, vimentin, and E-cadherin expression. In HEPA-RG cells, viability was minimally affected, whereas migration and EMT-related plasticity were enhanced. Patient-derived small extracellular vesicles induced similar but less pronounced effects. Overall, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-derived small extracellular vesicles induced early hepatic microenvironmental remodelling, supporting a potential role for tumour\u2013liver crosstalk in pre-metastatic niche-associated processes, highlighting tumour\u2013liver crosstalk as a potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1781146771000},"page":"5270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Remodel Hepatic Pre-Metastatic Niche via Hybrid Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8853-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Balestra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Panzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona, 70125 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Bari Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7662-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ancona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Biobank, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7940-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4640-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Comparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona, 70125 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Bari Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Curri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona, 70125 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Bari Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Depalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, Italian National Research Council (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona, 70125 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Bari Research Unit, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Principia","family":"Scavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i2.173","article-title":"Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Treatment Hurdles, Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Sarantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, L., Rubbino, F., and Laghi, L. (2022). Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition as Mechanism of Progression of Pancreatic Cancer: From Mice to Men. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235797"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","article-title":"Guidelines and Definitions for Research on Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.12.001","article-title":"EMT Transition States during Tumor Progression and Metastasis","volume":"29","author":"Pastushenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06032-3","article-title":"The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Invasion","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.44","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Applications","volume":"23","author":"Rani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, R., Kemper, S., and Brigstock, D.R. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes Are Therapeutic for Toxin-Mediated Fibrosis and Gene Expression in the Liver. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00368"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV2023): From Basic to Advanced Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01584-6","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Roles and Mechanism in Glioma","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00945-w","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles: From Promoting Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation to Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04258-7","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Pancreatic Cancer Progression and Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-22-489","article-title":"Liver Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer: The New Choice at the Crossroads","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32239","article-title":"Liver Fibrosis: Extracellular Vesicles Mediated Intercellular Communication in Perisinusoidal Space","volume":"76","author":"Devaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01202-2","article-title":"Deciphering the Liver\u2019s Role in Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis: Pathways and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Inzunza","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i12.3662","article-title":"Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation in Liver Fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Garbuzenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869069","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.869069","article-title":"Impact of Vimentin on Regulation of Cell Signaling and Matrix Remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panzetta, G., Schirizzi, A., Balestra, F., De Luca, M., Depalo, N., Rizzi, F., Ricci, A.D., De Leonardis, G., Lotesoriere, C., and Giannelli, G. (2025). Unravelling Paclitaxel Resistance in Gastric Cancer: The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Extracellular Matrix Remodelling. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17081360"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, E., and Bednarek, I. (2021). Aspects of the Epigenetic Regulation of Emt Related to Cancer Metastasis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123435"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400134","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202400134","article-title":"Flotillins in Membrane Trafficking and Physiopathology","volume":"117","author":"Bodin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00071","article-title":"New Insights Into the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity and EMT in Driving Cancer Progression","volume":"7","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13423","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13423","article-title":"Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Cancer Metastasis: Focusing on Partial EMT and Regulatory Mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01937-7","article-title":"Pre-Metastatic Niche: Formation, Characteristics and Therapeutic Implication","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3169","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer Exosomes Initiate Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation in the Liver","volume":"17","author":"Aiello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balestra, F., De Luca, M., Panzetta, G., Depalo, N., Rizzi, F., Mastrogiacomo, R., Coletta, S., Serino, G., Piccinno, E., and Stabile, D. (2024). An 8-Week Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) Alters the Landscape of Obese-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs), Redefining Hepatic Cell Phenotypes. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234189"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G739","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00183.2019","article-title":"Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases","volume":"317","author":"Malhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Lee, S., Shin, E., Seong, K.M., Jin, Y.W., Youn, H., and Youn, B. (2020). The Emerging Roles of Exosomes as EMT Regulators in Cancer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040861"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00709","article-title":"Hepatic Stellate Cells and Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.06.004","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Metastases to the Liver\u2014Composition, Function and Potential Applications","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andryszkiewicz, W., Misi\u0105g, P., Karwowska, A., Resler, Z., Wojno, A., Kulbacka, J., Szewczyk, A., and Rembia\u0142kowska, N. (2024). Cancer Metastases to the Liver: Mechanisms of Tumor Cell Colonization. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091251"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewidar, B., Meyer, C., Dooley, S., and Meindl-Beinker, N. (2019). Tgf-\u03b2 in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis\u2014Updated 2019. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111419"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"szaf026","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szaf026","article-title":"Amniotic Fluid Reduces Liver Fibrosis by Attenuating Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation","volume":"14","author":"Bowen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0842-9","article-title":"The Hepatic Pre-Metastatic Niche in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Houg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00332-6","article-title":"Linking EMT Programmes to Normal and Neoplastic Epithelial Stem Cells","volume":"21","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00906","article-title":"Specific in Vivo Phosphorylation Sites Determine the Assembly Dynamics of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments","volume":"117","author":"Eriksson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742644","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1742644","article-title":"Vimentin Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Cretu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903180","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903180","article-title":"Loss of Vimentin Enhances Cell Motility through Small Confining Spaces","volume":"15","author":"Patteson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0040-3","article-title":"Identification of the Tumour Transition States Occurring during EMT","volume":"556","author":"Pastushenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, D., Saha, P., Samanta, A., and Bishayee, A. (2020). Emerging Concepts of Hybrid Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Progression. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111561"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jouida, A., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Mc Carthy, C., Fabre, A., Nadarajan, P., and Keane, M.P. (2022). Exosomes from EGFR-Mutated Adenocarcinoma Induce a Hybrid EMT and MMP9-Dependant Tumor Invasion. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153776"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Baker, D., and Dijke, P. (2019). Ten TGF-\u03b2-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112767"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1549","article-title":"Levels of Phospho-Smad2\/3 Are Sensors of the Interplay between Effects of TGF-\u03b2 and Retinoic Acid on Monocytic and Granulocytic Differentiation of HL-60 Cells","volume":"101","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2008.02.003","article-title":"To (TGF)\u03b2 or Not to (TGF)\u03b2: Fine-Tuning of Smad Signaling via Post-Translational Modifications","volume":"20","author":"Wrighton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7928","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c22145","article-title":"A Biomimetic Microparticle Disrupting the Intracellular\/Extracellular PH Homeostasis of Tumor Cells for Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Zuo","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15425","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c15440","article-title":"Indocyanine Green Aggregation-Induced Hypotonic Stress to Remodel Aloe Exosome-like Vesicles for Enhanced Tumor Penetration and Phototherapy","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702932","DOI":"10.3389\/or.2025.1702932","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy in Gastrointestinal Oncology: Clinical Applications and Translational Integration of CtDNA, CTCs, and SEVs","volume":"19","author":"Palieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5270\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:22:17Z","timestamp":1781670137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}}}