{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T03:57:44Z","timestamp":1781150264321,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic asthma is among the type 2-driven chronic inflammatory allergic diseases. Osteoimmunological findings indicate that shared systemic immune mediators and persistent inflammation can disrupt skeletal homeostasis and promote bone fragility. Treatment commonly includes inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone propionate (FP) to suppress inflammation, with anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) biologics added to interrupt the IgE-mediated allergic cascade. TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors (anti-TNF) are also being studied for their impact on inflammatory pathways. However, their capacity to preserve bone mechanical\/mineral integrity in allergic airway inflammation (AAI) remains unclear. This study compared the efficacy of anti-TNF, FP, and anti-IgE monotherapies and an FP\/anti-IgE combination in mitigating AAI-induced deficits in bone mechanical\/mineral integrity in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic murine AAI model. Fifty-six male BALB\/c mice (8\u201310 weeks old; 22\u201324 g) were randomly assigned to control, AAI (OVA-sensitized\/challenged), and five treatment cohorts: FP (2000 \u03bcg), low-\/high-dose anti-IgE (aIgE-L\/aIgE-H; 100\/200 \u03bcg), anti-TNF (aTNF; 6.25 mg\/kg-bw), and FP\/aIgE-H combination. Following an 8-week protocol, three-point bending and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to assess bone mechanical properties and physicochemical characteristics of the mineral phase (calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels; stoichiometric Ca\/P ratio), respectively. Analyses showed that aIgE-L and FP monotherapies failed to mitigate AAI-induced bone changes. aTNF and aIgE-H monotherapies provided comparable protection of cross-sectional properties, rigidity, energy-to-fracture, elastic modulus, and yield\/ultimate moments; however, aIgE-H was more efficacious in preserving Ca and P levels and the stoichiometric Ca\/P ratio. The FP\/aIgE-H combination demonstrated the greatest efficacy in preventing mechanical deterioration and preserving mineral integrity, suggesting it as the optimal strategy for maintaining skeletal health in the management of type 2-driven AAI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1781146771000},"page":"5283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluticasone Propionate\/Anti-IgE Combination Preserves Bone Mechanical and Mineral Integrity Better than Monotherapies or Anti-TNF-\u03b1 in Mice with Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serkan","family":"G\u00fcrg\u00fcl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9334-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Nural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, TR-33169 Mersin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3061-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Keskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1290-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Ya\u015far","family":"\u00d6zkars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health & Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmara\u015f Sutcu Imam University, TR-46040 Kahramanmara\u015f, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (2026, May 25). 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