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This review focuses on three representative inorganic nanoplatforms: zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide-based, and gold (Au) nanoparticles. These systems were selected because they combine distinct physicochemical properties with versatile surface engineering and radiolabelling strategies. ZnO nanoparticles offer pH-responsive behaviour and drug-delivery potential; iron oxide-based nanoparticles provide magnetic functionality, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility, and opportunities for magnetic hyperthermia or local nanobrachytherapy; and Au nanoparticles enable stable surface functionalization, radiometal chelation, radiosensitisation, photothermal effects, and alpha or beta-emitter-based local therapy. The review critically discusses synthesis and surface-modification methods, chelator-mediated and chelator-free radiolabelling, coating-assisted and anchoring-mediated strategies, and the influence of these factors on radiochemical stability, biodistribution, tumour uptake, therapeutic response, toxicity, and clearance. A function-based comparison of the reviewed studies highlights that many systems demonstrate efficient radiolabelling and imaging capability, whereas fewer provide direct in vivo therapeutic efficacy, long-term toxicity, or metabolic clearance data. Overall, radiolabelled ZnO, iron oxide-based, and Au nanoparticles show strong potential for cancer theranostics, tumour-to-organ distribution, therapeutic benefit, and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1781247190000},"page":"5299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Radiolabelled ZnO, Iron Oxide-Based, and Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Synthesis, Surface Engineering, and Radiolabelling Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2821-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9290-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Comelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7913-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"NBFC\u2014National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8397-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Alongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Advanced Diagnostic Imaging-INNOVA Project, Department of Radiological Sciences, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, P.zza N. Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Benfante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostic Imaging-INNOVA Project, Department of Radiological Sciences, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli Hospitals, P.zza N. Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00401","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202500401","article-title":"Radioisotope-Labeled Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances, Synergistic Strategies, and Future Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. 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