{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:00:05Z","timestamp":1791172805154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z99 CL090055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99 CL090055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Z99 CL090055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99 CL090055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vfsmv21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imaging of infections has the potential to improve clinical outcomes, but pathogen-specific imaging strategies are currently unavailable. Given their target specificity, antimicrobials may be useful as molecular imaging ligands to target infections. Despite substantial development efforts, no antimicrobial-based ligands are approved for clinical use. This scoping review comprehensively surveys radiolabeled antimicrobials across antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antiviral, and antifungal drug classes, examining their progression through the translational pipeline. The review utilized PubMed and Google Scholar databases (1970\u20132025), following PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles; data were extracted, and content duplicates were removed. In total, 143 preclinical and 25 clinical articles met the selection criteria. In clinical studies, most tracers showed suboptimal specificity for infections, while some proved useful for pharmacokinetic characterization. Among preclinical studies, radiolabeled plazomicin and echinocandins (caspofungin and anidulafungin) exhibited the greatest number of preferred characteristics. In conclusion, ideal antimicrobial pharmacologic properties can be counterproductive for imaging, where rapid background clearance and a high target-to-non-target ratio (T\/NT) are essential. Many radioligands demonstrate good tissue penetration but suboptimal washout, limiting their diagnostic value. In vivo pharmacokinetic applications during active infections are promising, though significant challenges remain for infection imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1781247190000},"page":"5313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Radiolabeled Antimicrobials for Infection Imaging: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sichen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4919-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Townley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice L Walton School of Medicine, Bentonville, AR 72712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4337-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuen-Yen","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13923","article-title":"99mTc-labeled antibiotics for infection diagnosis: Mechanism, action, and progress","volume":"99","author":"Naqvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2022.12.001","article-title":"Current Status of SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging","volume":"53","author":"Signore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2017.11.003","article-title":"Pathogen-Specific Bacterial Imaging in Nuclear Medicine","volume":"48","author":"Ordonez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northrup, J.D., Mach, R.H., and Sellmyer, M.A. (2019). Radiochemical Approaches to Imaging Bacterial Infections: Intracellular versus Extracellular Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225808"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-019-00322-7","article-title":"Fluorescent imaging of bacterial infections and recent advances made with multimodal radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"7","author":"Welling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S. (2026). Radiolabeled Antibiotics for Infection Imaging: A Scoping Review, OSF.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125313"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Harzing, A.W. (2007). Publish or Perish, Tarma Software Research Ltd."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Team, T.E. (EndNote, 2013). EndNote, version 21."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-016-0178-7","article-title":"Imaging of bacteria with radiolabeled ubiquicidin by SPECT and PET techniques","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2025.109049","article-title":"Ubiquicidin derived peptides for infection imaging","volume":"146\u2013147","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90407-9","article-title":"Comparison of 99mTc infecton imaging with radiolabelled white-cell imaging in the evaluation of bacterial infection","volume":"347","author":"Vinjamuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.11.817","article-title":"Imaging bacterial infection with 99mTc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton)","volume":"55","author":"Britton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-001-0749-2","article-title":"Infecton is not specific for bacterial osteo-articular infective pathology","volume":"29","author":"Dumarey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200202000-00009","article-title":"99mTc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton) imaging in the diagnosis of knee prosthesis infections","volume":"23","author":"Larikka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-010-0021-4","article-title":"Tc-99m Ciprofloxacin SPECT of Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"920","article-title":"Inability of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin Scintigraphy to Discriminate Between Septic and Sterile Osteoarticular Diseases","volume":"44","author":"Sarda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590100555","article-title":"The efficacy of technetium-99m ciprofloxacin (Infecton) imaging in suspected orthopaedic infection: A comparison with sequential bone\/gallium imaging","volume":"28","author":"Yapar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00506.x","article-title":"Infecton: A 99mTc-ciprofloxacin radiopharmaceutical for the detection of bone infection","volume":"9","author":"Malamitsi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-004-1646-2","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [18F]ciprofloxacin for the imaging of bacterial infections with PET","volume":"32","author":"Langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3850-3857.2004","article-title":"[18F]Ciprofloxacin, a new positron emission tomography tracer for noninvasive assessment of the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in humans","volume":"48","author":"Brunner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.3.659","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of [18F]fleroxacin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and complicated urinary tract infection studied by positron emission tomography","volume":"40","author":"Fischman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.24911\/PJNMed.175-1568470299","article-title":"Utility of Tc-99m-labeled levofloxacin as an infection-imaging agent in musculoskeletal infections","volume":"10","author":"Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.10.011","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of technetium-99m-labeled ceftriaxone: Infection imaging agent for the clinical diagnosis of orthopedic infection","volume":"17","author":"Kaul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12841","article-title":"99mTc-Ceftizoxime: Synthesis, characterization and its use in diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156679","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI156679","article-title":"Imaging sensitive and drug-resistant bacterial infection with [11C]-trimethoprim","volume":"132","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl6851","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl6851","article-title":"Dynamic PET-facilitated modeling and high-dose rifampin regimens for Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic implant-associated infections","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau0965","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau0965","article-title":"Noninvasive 11C-rifampin positron emission tomography reveals drug biodistribution in tuberculous meningitis","volume":"10","author":"Tucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"618051","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Efficacy of 99mTc-Ethambutol in Tubercular Lesion Imaging","volume":"2010","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tuberc. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.ijnm_207_21","article-title":"99mTc-Ethambutol Scintigraphy with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography\/Computed Tomography in Lymph Node Tuberculosis: An Initial Experience","volume":"37","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-017-1220-1","article-title":"Diagnostic value of 99mTc-ethambutol scintigraphy in tuberculosis: Compared to microbiological and histopathological tests","volume":"32","author":"Kartamihardja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8051(96)00071-6","article-title":"The synthesis of fluorine-18 lomefloxacin and its preliminary use in human studies","volume":"23","author":"Tewson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2048","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of [18F]trovafloxacin in healthy human subjects studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"42","author":"Fischman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35730-3","article-title":"Dynamic 18F-Pretomanid PET imaging in animal models of TB meningitis and human studies","volume":"13","author":"Mota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Human Pharmacokinetic and Dosimetry Studies of [18F]FHBG: A Reporter Probe for Imaging Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene Expression","volume":"42","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.6.1270","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 18F-labeled fluconazole in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography","volume":"37","author":"Fischman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"119","article-title":"Tc-99m \u201cInfecton\u201d\u2014A new class of radiopharmaceutical for imaging infection","volume":"34","author":"Solanki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Experimental studies on imaging of infected site with 99mTc-Iabeled ciprofloxacin in mice","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"239","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin Scintigraphy in a Rabbit Model of Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"43","author":"Sarda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1039\/c1mt00068c","article-title":"99mTc-labeling of ciprofloxacin and nitrofuryl thiosemicarbazone using fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3] core: Evaluation of their efficacy as infection imaging agents","volume":"3","author":"Halder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12701","article-title":"68Ga-labeled Ciprofloxacin Conjugates as Radiotracers for Targeting Bacterial Infection","volume":"87","author":"Satpati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography7040070","article-title":"Physicochemical and Biological Study of 99mTc and 68Ga Radiolabelled Ciprofloxacin and Evaluation of [99mTc]Tc-CIP as Potential Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical for Diabetic Foot Syndrome Imaging","volume":"7","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(02)00444-4","article-title":"Synthesis of fluorine-18-labeled ciprofloxacin for PET studies in humans","volume":"30","author":"Langer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2006.02.095","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-18 labelled compounds for imaging of bacterial infections with pet","volume":"64","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.545","article-title":"Preparation of N\u20324-[11C]methyl-ciprofloxacin for positron emission tomography studies","volume":"45","author":"Goethals","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1021\/bc1002983","article-title":"Synthesis of N4\u2032-[18F]fluoroalkylated ciprofloxacin as a potential bacterial infection imaging agent for PET study","volume":"21","author":"Sachin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, S., Jiang, Y., Gan, Q., Ruan, Q., Xiao, D., and Zhang, J. (2020). Design, Preparation, and Evaluation of a Novel 99mTcN Complex of Ciprofloxacin Xanthate as a Potential Bacterial Infection Imaging Agent. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245837"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papasavva, A., Pirmettis, N.N., Shegani, A., Papadopoulou, E., Kiritsis, C., Georgoutsou-Spyridonos, M., Mastellos, D.C., Chiotellis, A., Kyprianidou, P., and Pelecanou, M. (2024). Synthesis and Evaluation of 99mTc(CO)3 Complexes with Ciprofloxacin Dithiocarbamate for Infection Imaging. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091210"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(20)31137-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Fleroxacin as Studied by Positron Emission Tomography and [18F]Fleroxacin","volume":"94","author":"Rubin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0607-4","article-title":"Synthesis and biological distribution of 99mTc-norfloxacin complex, a novel agent for detecting sites of infection","volume":"285","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1039\/c2mt20132a","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc(i)-tricarbonyl complexes of fluoroquinolones for targeting bacterial infection","volume":"4","author":"Nayak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1021\/bc100357w","article-title":"Synthesis and biodistribution of a novel 99mTcN complex of norfloxacin dithiocarbamate as a potential agent for bacterial infection imaging","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.1734","article-title":"Radiochemical and biological characteristics of 99mTc-difloxacin and 99mTc-pefloxacin for detecting sites of infection","volume":"53","author":"Motaleb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. Off. J. Int. Isot. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-005-0881-8","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-pefloxacin: A new targeting agent for infectious foci","volume":"266","author":"Amine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-006-6786-3","article-title":"Preparation and biodistribution of 99mTc-lomefloxacin and 99mTc-ofloxacin complexes","volume":"272","author":"Motaleb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362213060088","article-title":"Preparation, quality control, and biodistribution of 99mTc-rufloxacin complex as a model for detecting sites of infection","volume":"55","author":"Motaleb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0923-8","article-title":"Radiocharacterization of the 99mTc\u2013rufloxacin complex and biological evaluation in Staphylococcus aureus infected rat model","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"259","article-title":"A new method for synthesis of 99mTc-enorfloxacin: An infection imaging agent","volume":"35","author":"Shahzad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2088","article-title":"Synthesis and comparison of 99mTc-enrofloxacin and 99mTc-ciprofloxacin","volume":"45","author":"Siaens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"267","article-title":"99mTc labeled levofloxacin as an infection imaging agent: A novel method for labeling levofloxacin using cysteine\u00b7HCl as co-ligand and in vivo study","volume":"36","author":"Naqvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"760","article-title":"In vivo studies 99mTc-levofloxacin freeze dried kits in Salmonella typhi, Pseudoman aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli","volume":"34","author":"Shahzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0936-3","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of 99mTc-tricarbonyl complex of temafloxacin dithiocarbamate: A potential Streptococci pneumoniae infection radiotracer","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/15533174.2011.609516","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc(CO)3-Pazufloxacin Dithiocarbamate Complex and Biodistribution in Experimentally Induced Infection in Female Nude Mice","volume":"42","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Nano-Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0954-1","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-Pazufloxacin dithiocarbamate complex and biological evaluation in Wister rats artificially infected with","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-015-4188-0","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of technetium-sarafloxacin complex for infection imaging","volume":"307","author":"Moustapha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0943-4","article-title":"99mTc(CO)3-tosufloxacin dithiocarbamate complexation and radiobiological evaluation in male Wister rat model","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"103","article-title":"Tc-99m labeled Sparfloxacin: A specific infection imaging agent","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.10.017","article-title":"Technetium-labeled danofloxacin complex as a model for infection imaging","volume":"9","author":"Shweeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0916-7","article-title":"Radiolabeling of gemifloxacin with technetium-99m and biological evaluation in artificially Streptococcus pneumoniae infected rats","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.10.002","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-gemifloxacin freeze dried kits and their biodistribution in biodistribution in Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella Pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Shahzad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"611","article-title":"Technetium-99m Tricarbonyl Labeled a Broad-spectrum Quinolone as a Specific Imaging Agent in Infection Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Khoramrouz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-011-1058-2","article-title":"Study on the preparation and biological evaluation of 99mTc-gatifloxacin and 99mTc-cefepime complexes","volume":"289","author":"Motaleb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0833-9","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of 99mTcN-sitafloxacin dithiocarbamate as a potential radiotracer for Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"287","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0880-2","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biological evolution of 99mTc(CO)3-sitafloxacin dithiocarbamate complex: A promising Staphylococcus aureus infection radiotracer","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2009.10.030","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc-moxifloxacin, a potential infection specific imaging agent","volume":"68","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.01.003","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of the 99mTc-tricarbonyl moxifloxacin dithiocarbamate complex as a potential Staphylococcus aureus infection radiotracer","volume":"69","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00253.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 18F-labeled trovafloxacin in normal and Escherichia coli-infected rats and rabbits studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"3","author":"Fischman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-011-0991-4","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of the 99mTc-trovafloxacin complex as a potential methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection radiotracer","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0903-z","article-title":"Radiocomplexation and biological characterization of the 99mTcN-trovafloxacin dithiocarbamate: A novel methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection imaging agent","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0914-9","article-title":"Synthesis of the 99mTc(CO)3-trovafloxacin dithiocarbamate complex and biological characterization in artificially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected rats model","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0896-7","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation and biodistribution of the 99mTc-Garenoxacin complex in artificially infected rats","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0871-3","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of 99mTcN-Garenoxacin dithiocarbamate complex a potential infection imaging agent","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0892-y","article-title":"99mTc(CO)3\u2013Garenoxacin dithiocarbamate synthesis and biological evolution in rats infected with multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococci","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-011-0106-8","article-title":"Radiosynthesis of 99mTc(CO)3-Clinafloxacin Dithiocarbamate and Its Biological Evaluation as a Potential Staphylococcus aureus Infection Radiotracer","volume":"45","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/1450-1147.144813","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTcN-clinafloxacin Dithiocarbamate Complex and Comparative Radiobiological Evaluation in Staphylococcus aureus Infected Mice","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0937-2","article-title":"Synthesis of techentium-99m labeled clinafloxacin (99mTc\u2013CNN) complex and biological evaluation as a potential Staphylococcus aureus infection imaging agent","volume":"288","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3413\/Nukmed-0334-10-07","article-title":"99mTc-prulifloxacin in artificially infected animals. Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation","volume":"50","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-015-4069-6","article-title":"Radiocomplexation and biological evaluation of nemonoxacin in mice infected with multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococci","volume":"306","author":"Farah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Radiolabeling of benzylpenicillin with lutetium-177: Quality control and biodistribution study to develop theranostic infection imaging agent","volume":"30","author":"Shahzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.04.003","article-title":"99mTc-amoxicillin: A novel radiopharmaceutical for infection imaging","volume":"12","author":"Shahzadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2281","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of 99mTc-sultamicillin for infection imaging","volume":"42","author":"Durkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-013-2593-9","article-title":"Preparation and biological distribution of 99mTc-cefazolin complex, a novel agent for detecting sites of infection","volume":"298","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-014-0032-3","article-title":"Performance characteristics of biodistribution of 99mTc-cefprozil for in vivo infection imaging","volume":"5","author":"Sanad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2012.06.007","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of 99mTc-cefuroxime, a potential infection specific imaging agent: A reliable thin layer chromatographic system to delineate impurities from the 99mTc-antibiotic","volume":"70","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-007-6999-0","article-title":"Preparation, quality control and stability of 99mTc-cefuroxime axetil","volume":"275","author":"Durkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2010.04.031","article-title":"Labeling of ceftriaxone for infective inflammation imaging using 99mTc eluted from 99Mo\/99mTc generator based on zirconium molybdate","volume":"68","author":"Mostafa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3235","article-title":"Labelling of ceftriaxone with 99mTc and its bio-evaluation as an infection imaging agent","volume":"57","author":"Sohaib","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-013-2523-x","article-title":"99mTc-ceftriaxone, as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for scintigraphic imaging of infectious foci due to Staphylococcus aureus in mouse model","volume":"298","author":"Fazli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2014.186","article-title":"Efficacy of 99mTc-Labeled Ceftizoxime in the Diagnosis of Subclinical Infections Associated with Titanium Implants in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-865020150090000008","article-title":"Scintigraphic imaging with technetium-99M-labelled ceftizoxime is a reliable technique for the diagnosis of deep sternal wound infection in rats","volume":"30","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0826-8","article-title":"Radio labeling, quality control and biodistribution of 99mTc-cefotaxime as an infection imaging agent","volume":"287","author":"Mirshojaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3374","article-title":"Gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution of 99mTc-cefotaxime sodium in preclinical models of bacterial infection and sterile inflammation","volume":"59","author":"Asikoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-013-2418-x","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc-ceftazidime as bacterial infection imaging agent","volume":"298","author":"Mirshojaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-006-6754-y","article-title":"Preparation of 99mTc-cefoperazone complex, a novel agent for detecting sites of infection","volume":"272","author":"Motaleb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-022-08363-5","article-title":"Synthesis, physicochemical and in vitro biological evaluation of 99mTc-cefepime radioconjugates, and development of DTPA-cefepime single vial kit formulation for labelling with technetium-99m","volume":"331","author":"Rzewuska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-011-1481-4","article-title":"99mTc\u2013meropenem as a potential SPECT imaging probe for tumor hypoxia","volume":"292","author":"Sakr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqvi, S.A.R., Jabbar, T., Alharbi, M.A., Noureen, A., Alharbi, N.K., Sherazi, T.A., Shahzadi, A., Ahmed, A.E., Afzal, M.S., and Imran, M.B. (2022). Radiosynthesis, quality control, biodistribution, and infection-imaging study of a new 99mTc-labeled ertapenem radiopharmaceutical. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1020387"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253169","article-title":"99mTc-gentamicin: Chemical and biological evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Ozker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/5.6.673","article-title":"Improved 125I-ligands for gentamicin radioimmunoassay","volume":"5","author":"Landon","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106232","article-title":"Comparative lung distribution of radiolabeled tobramycin between nebulized and intravenous administration in a mechanically-ventilated ovine model, an observational study","volume":"57","author":"Dhanani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702405","article-title":"Lung clearance of intratracheally instilled 99mTc-tobramycin using pulmonary surfactant as vehicle","volume":"126","author":"Gommers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-006-0087-8","article-title":"Synthesis, quality control and biodistribution of 99mTc-Kanamycin","volume":"267","author":"Roohi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"34","article-title":"Biological Evaluation of 99mTc-Kanamycin for Infection Imaging","volume":"2","author":"Widyasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indones. J. Phys. Nucl. Appl."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12960","article-title":"Radiolabeling, quality control, and biological characterization of 177Lu-labeled kanamycin","volume":"90","author":"Akbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14007","article-title":"Radiolabeling, characterization, and preclinical evaluation of plazomicin: A potential tracer for bacterial infection","volume":"99","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2897(92)90143-M","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc-erythromycin and 99mTc-streptomycin sulphate for the visualization of inflammatory lesions","volume":"19","author":"Ercan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. B"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362213050159","article-title":"Labeling and biological evaluation of 99mTc-azithromycin for infective inflammation diagnosis","volume":"55","author":"Sanad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362213040139","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-Erythromycin Complex as a Model for Infection Sites Imaging","volume":"55","author":"Sanad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362216010136","article-title":"Optimized chromatographic separation and biological evaluation of 99mTc-clarithromycin for infective inflammation diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Borai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13412","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-roxithromycin: A novel diagnostic agent to discriminate between septic and aseptic inflammation","volume":"93","author":"Rizvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3135","article-title":"99mTc-Doxycycline hyclate: A new radiolabeled antibiotic for bacterial infection imaging","volume":"57","author":"Asikoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-03856-1","article-title":"Facile One-Pot Strategy for Radiosynthesis of 99mTc-Doxycycline to Diagnose Staphylococcus aureus in Infectious Animal Models","volume":"194","author":"Rizvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2021.1976864","article-title":"177Lu-doxycycline as potential radiopharmaceutical: Electrochemical characterization, radiolabeling, and biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"97","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"176","article-title":"99mTc-tetracyclines: Preparation and biological evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Dewanjee","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1620610","article-title":"Comparison of 131I-tetracycline and 67Ga-citrate as abscess localizing agents","volume":"16","author":"Philip","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleem, S.M., Jabbar, T., Imran, M.B., Noureen, A., Sherazi, T.A., Afzal, M.S., Rab Nawaz, H.Z., Ramadan, M.F., Alkahtani, A.M., and Alsuwat, M.A. (2024). Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [99mTc]Tc-Tigecycline Radiopharmaceutical to Diagnose Bacterial Infections. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101283"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2010.04.139","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc-N-sulfanilamide ferrocene carboxamide as bacterial infections detector","volume":"37","author":"Essouissi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-017-2451-2","article-title":"Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfadiazine: A Targeting Radiopharmaceutical for Scintigraphic Imaging of Infectious Foci Due To Escherichia coli in Mouse and Rabbit Models","volume":"183","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1134\/S106636221503011X","article-title":"Radiolabeling, Quality Control, and Biodistribution of 99mTc-Sulfadiazine as an Infection Imaging Agent","volume":"57","author":"Essouissi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc-sulfadiazine as Bacillus microorganisms infection imaging agent using animal model","volume":"31","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28961","article-title":"Al18F labeled sulfonamide-conjugated positron emission tomography tracer in vivo tumor-targeted imaging","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362214010147","article-title":"99mTc-sulfadimidine as a potential radioligand for differentiation between septic and aseptic inflammations","volume":"56","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1075-z","article-title":"Preparation, Biodistribution, and Scintigraphic Evaluation of 99mTc-Clindamycin: An Infection Imaging Agent","volume":"174","author":"Hina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1965","article-title":"Preparation, biodistribution and scintigraphic evaluation of 99mTc-lincomycin","volume":"28","author":"Bokhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.10.018","article-title":"Quantitative PET Reporter Gene Imaging with [11C]Trimethoprim","volume":"25","author":"Sellmyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703109114","article-title":"Bacterial infection imaging with [18F]fluoropropyl-trimethoprim","volume":"114","author":"Sellmyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-017-2641-y","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and Biodistribution of 99mTc-Metronidazole as an Escherichia coli Infection Imaging Radiopharmaceutical","volume":"185","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.1292","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel asymmetrical 99mTc-nitrido complex of metronidazole derivative","volume":"50","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-010-0697-z","article-title":"Radiosynthesis of 99mTc-nitrofurantoin a novel radiotracer for in vivo imaging of Escherichia coli infection","volume":"287","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.2942","article-title":"Radioiodination and bioevaluation of nitrofurantoin for urinary tract imaging","volume":"55","author":"Seddik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auletta, S., Galli, F., Varani, M., Campagna, G., Conserva, M., Martinelli, D., Santino, I., and Signore, A. (2021). In vitro and In vivo Evaluation of 99mTc-Polymyxin B for Specific Targeting of Gram-Bacteria. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020232"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2024.111524","article-title":"Radiolabeling and preclinical evaluation of technetium-99m labeled colistin","volume":"214","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.29228\/jrp.137","article-title":"Pre-study on radiolabeling of colistin with Lutetium-177 to develop theranostic infection agent","volume":"26","author":"Karpuz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-009-0006-x","article-title":"Preparation and biodistribution of [131I]linezolid in animal model infection and inflammation","volume":"281","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00473","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and Biodistribution of 18F-Linezolid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mice Using Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"6","author":"Mota","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"203","article-title":"Preparation and biodistribution of [201Tl](III)vancomycin complex in normal rats","volume":"51","author":"Jalilian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nukleonika"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06997-z","article-title":"Bacteria-targeted imaging using vancomycin-based positron emission tomography tracers can distinguish infection from sterile inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Spoelstra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06717-7","article-title":"Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of novel 18F-vancomycin-based tracers for the detection of bacterial infections using positron emission tomography","volume":"51","author":"Spoelstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"347","article-title":"Preparation and preliminary evaluation of [55Co](II) vancomycin","volume":"19","author":"Jalilian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405616666201229161850","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTechnetium-Vancomycin Imaging Potential in Experimental Rat Model for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis","volume":"17","author":"Yurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging Rev."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3494","article-title":"99mTc-tazobactam, a novel infection imaging agent: Radiosynthesis, quality control, biodistribution, and infection imaging studies","volume":"60","author":"Rasheed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"292","article-title":"Tc-99m Isoniazid: A specific agent for diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01644-12","article-title":"Noninvasive determination of 2-[18F]-fluoroisonicotinic acid hydrazide pharmacokinetics by positron emission tomography in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice","volume":"56","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860802201076","article-title":"Radiolabeling and evaluation of alginate blend-isoniazid microspheres by 99mTc for the treatment of tuberculosis in rabbit model","volume":"16","author":"Samad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01146-15","article-title":"Determination of [11C]Rifampin Pharmacokinetics within Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mice by Using Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography Bioimaging","volume":"59","author":"DeMarco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2010.05.014","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of 99mTc-rifampicin: A novel radiotracer for in-vivo infection imaging","volume":"68","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526517666170606114650","article-title":"Synthesis of 99mTc-Rifabutin: A Potential Tuberculosis Radiodiagnostic Agent","volume":"17","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2572-5424.jgm-16-1352","article-title":"Synthesis of Labeled Rifabutin Dithiocarbamate: A Potential Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Imaging Agent","volume":"1","author":"Syed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glycom. Metab."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00207","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and PET Bioimaging of 76Br-Bedaquiline in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Ordonez","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Ordonez, A.A., Smith-Jones, P., Wang, H., Gogarty, K.R., Daryaee, F., Bambarger, L.E., Chang, Y.S., Jain, S.K., and Tonge, P.J. (2017). The biodistribution of 5-[18F]fluoropyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice determined by positron emission tomography. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170871"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362219020176","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc-Ethambutol, an Alternative Tuberculosis Diagnostic Tool","volume":"61","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7721-7727.2005","article-title":"[18F]FHPG positron emission tomography for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in experimental HSV encephalitis","volume":"79","author":"Buursma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(99)00105-5","article-title":"[11C]FMAU and [18F]FHPG as PET tracers for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase enzyme activity and human cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"27","author":"Vries","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.12","article-title":"PET imaging of oncolytic VSV expressing the mutant HSV-1 thymidine kinase transgene in a preclinical HCC rat model","volume":"23","author":"Altomonte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2785","article-title":"A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene shows improved sensitivity for imaging reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography","volume":"97","author":"Gambhir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tisseraud, M., Goutal, S., Bonasera, T., Goislard, M., Desjardins, D., Le Grand, R., Parry, C.M., Tournier, N., Kuhnast, B., and Caill\u00e9, F. (2022). Isotopic Radiolabeling of the Antiretroviral Drug [18F]Dolutegravir for Pharmacokinetic PET Imaging. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050587"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-09","article-title":"Antiretroviral tissue kinetics: In vivo imaging using positron emission tomography","volume":"53","author":"Srinivasula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-014-0024-8","article-title":"Evaluation of [11C]oseltamivir uptake into the brain during immune activation by systemic polyinosine-polycytidylic acid injection: A quantitative PET study using juvenile monkey models of viral infection","volume":"4","author":"Seki","year":"2014","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-001-0760-7","article-title":"Technetium-99m labelled fluconazole and antimicrobial peptides for imaging of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infections","volume":"29","author":"Lupetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.021","article-title":"Biodistribution of free and encapsulated 99mTc-fluconazole in an infection model induced by Candida albicans","volume":"99","author":"Fuscaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20553-5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 18F-labeled fluconazole in rabbits with candidal infections studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"259","author":"Fischman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2174\/1874471007666141015121838","article-title":"Development and evaluation of 99mTc-tricarbonyl-caspofungin as potential diagnostic agent of fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"Reyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-020-07274-7","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of 99mTc-anidulafungin: A potential radiotracer for fungal infection","volume":"325","author":"Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02377-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02377-19","article-title":"In vitro Evaluation of Radiolabeled Amphotericin B for Molecular Imaging of Mold Infections","volume":"64","author":"Page","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"e62150","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of 99mTc-Amphotericin Complexes as Potential Diagnostic Agents in Nuclear Medicine","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0099-x","article-title":"Twins in spirit\u2014Episode I: Comparative preclinical evaluation of [68Ga]DOTATATE and [68Ga]HA-DOTATATE","volume":"5","author":"Schottelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155851","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155851","article-title":"High-dose rifampin improves bactericidal activity without increased intracerebral inflammation in animal models of tuberculous meningitis","volume":"132","author":"Mota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.459","article-title":"PET imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk reporter gene expression in mice and humans using [18F]FHBG","volume":"1","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajd\u00e1cs, M. (2019). The Concept of an Ideal Antibiotic: Implications for Drug Design. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050892"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-012-0018-5","article-title":"The Clinical Relevance of Plasma Protein Binding Changes","volume":"52","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6634-9_5","article-title":"Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods","volume":"1520","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finazzi, S., Luci, G., Olivieri, C., Langer, M., Mandelli, G., Corona, A., Viaggi, B., and Di Paolo, A. (2022). Tissue Penetration of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review-Part I. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091164"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1621161","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure at the site of infection: Principles and assessment of tissue penetration","volume":"12","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadl5934","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adl5934","article-title":"Development and preclinical validation of 2-deoxy 2-[18F]fluorocellobiose as an Aspergillus-specific PET tracer","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-025-09995-2","article-title":"Advancing drug development with \u201cFit-for-Purpose\u201d modeling informed approaches","volume":"52","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.1153","article-title":"Technetium-99m labeling and freeze-dried kit formulation of levofloxacin (L-Flox): A novel agent for detecting sites of infection","volume":"50","author":"Amin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025247","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025247","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactams and \u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitors: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"187","article-title":"Direct Labelling of Medically Interesting 99mTc-benzyl Penicillin","volume":"1","author":"Bokhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Commun."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-007-7111-5","article-title":"Evaluation of 99mTc-Cefuroxime axetil for imaging of inflammation","volume":"277","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2372-2377.2005","article-title":"Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Telithromycin, and Cethromycin","volume":"49","author":"Bosnar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"39","article-title":"Fluxes and accumulation of tetracyclines by human blood cells","volume":"72","author":"Gabler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01917-4","article-title":"Radiolabeled Tedizolid Phosphate Liposomes for Topical Application: Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cellular Binding Capacity","volume":"22","author":"Karpuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.930","article-title":"On the 99mTc-labeling of isoniazid with different 99mTc cores","volume":"48","author":"Samuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.49","article-title":"Molecular PET imaging of HSV1-tk reporter gene expression using [18F]FEAU","volume":"2","author":"Soghomonyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1162\/153535002753395699","article-title":"Imaging expression of cytosine deaminase-herpes virus thymidine kinase fusion gene (CD\/TK) expression with [124I]FIAU and PET","volume":"1","author":"Hackman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"55","article-title":"Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (18)F-based radiotracers","volume":"2","author":"Alauddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad247","article-title":"Advances and Challenges in Molecular Imaging of Viral Infections","volume":"228","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01716289","article-title":"Influence of serum protein binding on the in vitro activity of anti-fungal agents","volume":"23","author":"Korting","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:21:19Z","timestamp":1781756479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}