{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:43Z","timestamp":1787028583069,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. This study evaluated the protective potential of red ginseng ethanolic extract (RGEE) using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and an LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Preliminary LC-MS profiling was also performed to characterize the detectable chemical features of RGEE. In vivo, RGEE alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss, disease activity, colon shortening, spleen enlargement, and histopathological injury, with the histopathological score reduced by approximately 51.1%. RGEE also partially improved DSS-induced hematological alterations without causing obvious changes in major organ weights. In vitro, RGEE showed no obvious cytotoxicity up to 250 \u03bcg\/mL and reduced LPS-induced NO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2 production by approximately 60.0\u201367.1%. LC-MS analysis putatively annotated several saponin-related features, including notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rh1, Rh4, and Rh2. These findings suggest that RGEE has protective potential against DSS-induced colitis, which is associated with the suppression of inflammatory mediator production. Further studies are needed to clarify its active constituents and mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1781513878000},"page":"5325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Red Ginseng Ethanolic Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Inflammatory Mediator Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Peng-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing-Hao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Dong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yanbian Prefecture Agricultural Biological Resources and Rural Energy Management Station, Tianchi Road 3418, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4527-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Lan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Jun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5345-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11226","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes and Their miR-148a-3p Cargo on DSS-Induced Colitis: Modulating Gut Inflammation through the SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Microbiota Alterations","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. 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