{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:29:57Z","timestamp":1785403797321,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001061","name":"Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PG2020646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG2020646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PG2020646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG2020646"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038mte443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Royal Adelaide Hospital Research Fund","award":["GR:COPD-25-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR:COPD-25-16"]}]},{"award":["GR:COPD-25-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR:COPD-25-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00carf720","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004267","name":"the Royal Adelaide Research Committee\/Health Services Charitable Gifts Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["15854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15854"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056vnsb08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessing autophagy may offer insights into the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, measuring the dynamic aspect of autophagy is challenging, and sample manipulation can cause signal fluctuations that deviate from physiological conditions. We applied an organotypic method to quantify autophagy in COPD, where it frequently demonstrates disease-related dysregulation. Blood from control and COPD participants was treated with or without chloroquine. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B II (LC3B-II) abundance was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and findings were validated by transmission electron microscopy. Our observations show that while basal LC3B-II abundance was similar between groups (p = 0.60), autophagic flux was significantly lower in the COPD cohort, suggesting disruption in the regulatory factors that direct autophagosome clearance (p = 0.004). This was supported by less frequent observations of autophagy-related vacuoles in the cytosol of COPD-derived PBMCs. Our findings indicate that the suppression of autophagy can be detected in the blood of individuals with COPD, which warrants further investigation into its contribution to extrapulmonary disease processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1781513878000},"page":"5337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autophagy Is Suppressed in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells During Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6669-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Gummow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4873-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Crowhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Respiratory Unit, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, SA 5112, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6785-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Badiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phan T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubertus P. A.","family":"Jersmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Roscioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210900","article-title":"Autophagy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary","volume":"136","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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