{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:56:25Z","timestamp":1781744185279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017638","name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124020900018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124020900018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system of polygenic nature. Uncovering the genetic predictors of MS phenotype can help to explain the nature of the disease\u2019s clinical heterogeneity, and contribute to the development of novel tools for precise disease prognosis. We conducted a retrospective genetic association study of 35 polymorphic variants in immune-related genes with MS severity assessed using the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) in a sample of 548 Russian relapsing-onset MS patients who have not previously received immunomodulatory therapy. Variants in the CXCR5, EOMES, TNFRSF1A, IRF8, PVT1, CCR5, HLA-DRB1, IL6, TCF7, and CD40 genes were identified as MSSS-associated in at least two of the three models analyzed (MSSS &gt; 3.5 versus \u22643.5; MSSS &gt; 5.0 versus &lt;2.5; MSSS as a continuous variable). Among them, variants in CCR5, HLA-DRB1 and IL6 genes were associated with MSSS only in women, while variants in the TCF7 and CD40 genes only in men. The variant in CXCR5 was MSSS-associated both in the total sample and in subgroups of female and male MS patients. Thus, we demonstrate that several GWAS-identified MS risk genes, along with other immunological loci, act as modifiers of the MS phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:57:58Z","timestamp":1781513878000},"page":"5347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune-Related Gene Variants as Modifiers of Multiple Sclerosis Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Kulakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Baulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Kozin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Matveeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Boyko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Favorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Kiselev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: 2024 update","volume":"6","author":"Klotz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70041-9","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Genetics","volume":"13","author":"Sawcer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD013606","article-title":"Prognostic Models for Predicting Clinical Disease Progression, Worsening and Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Reeve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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