{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:56:00Z","timestamp":1781571360740,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["010.101.029\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010.101.029\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiostrongyliasis, the primary cause of eosinophilic meningitis, represents an emerging disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae, inadvertently transmitted to humans. The diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis relies on epidemiological features, clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory findings, notably hyper eosinophilia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, accurate diagnosis is challenging and prone to confusion with other parasitic diseases. The quest for an early, rapid, and specific diagnostic test for angiostrongyliasis persists, driven by the imperative for enhanced test specificity. This study focused on mapping IgM epitopes on galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-2 (Gal-2) proteins derived from A. cantonensis. The specificity of the epitopes was assessed using database homology analysis. After selecting specific epitopes, researchers chemically synthesized 12 individual multi-antigen peptides (MAPs4) and one chimeric polypeptide that is 65 amino acids long. The effectiveness of these synthesized peptides was subsequently evaluated using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). A total of twelve unique IgM epitopes were discovered; five were linked to Gal-1, while seven were linked to Gal-2. An ELISA-peptide method confirmed the twelve epitopes, and then the chimeric polypeptide was employed as an antigen to coat ELISA plates. This setup was evaluated with patients\u2019 sera to diagnose strongyloidiasis in vitro. This study provides a comprehensive representation of the IgM epitopes of Gal-1 and Gal-2 from A. cantonensis. ELISA data utilizing the chimeric polypeptide demonstrate that the selected sequences hold promise for the development of a specific immunological assay tailored for the acute diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:49:01Z","timestamp":1781570941000},"page":"5381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunodominant IgM Epitopes of the Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-1 and Galectin-2 Proteins Recognized by Patients\u2019 Sera: Optimization of an ELISA Assay for Human Acute Diagnosis of Angiostrongyliasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Napole\u00e3o-P\u00eago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme C.","family":"Lechuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. R. S.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program on Science and Biotechnology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio R. da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karyne","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana S.","family":"Freita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program on Science and Biotechnology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Waterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Mandonado-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Mammals Reservoirs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Graeff-Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore G.","family":"De-Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program on Science and Biotechnology, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000652","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen","volume":"143","author":"Barratt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04875-3","article-title":"Abdominal angiostrongyliasis in the Americas: Fifty years since the discovery of a new metastrongylid species, Angiostrongylus costaricensis","volume":"14","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262109","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.262109","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection: An integrative review","volume":"82","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. 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