{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:26:55Z","timestamp":1785421615469,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01AI093692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01AI093692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI156142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI156142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2R01AI093692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01AI093692"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R21AI156142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI156142"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS CTSA","award":["UL1TR003096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR003096"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32 HL155007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL155007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Host genetic susceptibility to urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) reinfection remains poorly understood. Coding variants identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) explained only a small fraction of the risk of reinfection. Our goal in this study was to characterize whether more risk would be captured by sequence variation that traditional GWAS insufficiently captures. Specifically, we evaluated the risk attributable to SNPs present in regulatory, non-coding regions; post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) that may depend on sequence variation in either the miRNA or the target mRNA; and copy number variants (CNVs). We analyzed GWAS data from African American women with or without documented urogenital Ct reinfection. Fine mapping and independent association analyses identified 30 unique index single-nucleotide polymorphisms (iSNPs), which were expanded to variants in linkage disequilibrium. Regulatory annotation was performed using HaploReg, RegulomeDB, FORGEdb, rSNPBase, and GTEx. We examined whether genes identified in the Ct reinfection GWAS are targeted by known Ct infection\u2013associated microRNAs using curated databases. Genome-wide CNV calling was conducted using SNP intensity data, followed by stringent quality control and gene-level association testing. Functional annotation prioritized 7 SNPs with strong regulatory evidence, with stringent criteria for regulatory relevance, using HaploReg, RegulomeDB, FORGEdb, and rSNPBase. The strongest signals were observed at the CHIT1 locus, where multiple intronic variants (including rs2486963 and rs2244385) overlapped regulatory chromatin, altered transcription factor binding motifs, and acted as cis-expression quantitative trait loci for CHIT1 in whole blood. Additional regulatory variants were identified near TDRP, ERICH1, and DLGAP1, showing tissue-specific regulatory effects. MicroRNA analysis revealed extensive post-transcriptional targeting of SOCS6 and SULF1, while CHIT1 showed no curated Ct-associated miRNA interactions. CNV analysis identified 5775 high-confidence events, with nominal gene-level associations observed for ATAD3A, CARD14, TMEM240, and ZNF140. These results indicate that a greater fraction of the susceptibility to urogenital Ct reinfection may be driven by genetic variation affecting immune and epithelial pathways rather than protein-coding changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:06:52Z","timestamp":1781600812000},"page":"5410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of Regulatory Elements, MicroRNAs, and Copy Number Variation in Urogenital Chlamydia Reinfection in African American Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4016-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0686-5143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep Chowdary","family":"Vejandla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihsan","family":"Buker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2399-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengchen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinodh","family":"Srinivasasainagendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Patki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanupriya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caren","family":"Weinhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0603-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William M.","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D977","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1010","article-title":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog: Knowledgebase and deposition resource","volume":"51","author":"Sollis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giral, H., Landmesser, U., and Kratzer, A. 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