{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:59:45Z","timestamp":1785427185336,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NBiW\/Opus19\/2022\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBiW\/Opus19\/2022\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["NBiW\/Opus19\/2022\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBiW\/Opus19\/2022\/37\/B\/NZ5\/03926"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Granulosa cells (GCs), an element of the ovarian follicle, are crucial for oocyte maturation, folliculogenesis, and steroidogenesis. Granulosa cells play a crucial role in fertilization by providing metabolic and hormonal support to the oocyte, maintaining its quality and regulating its meiotic arrest. Oocyte quality and fertilization efficiency depend on the proper activity of GCs, especially their mutual communication, providing metabolic support and protecting against oxidative stress. When interrupted, they may take part in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, primary ovarian insufficiency, and diminished ovarian reserve. GCs are enclosed in the antrum where they communicate with surrounding cells, create a dynamic microenvironment, and regulate hormone biosynthesis. To analyze molecular mechanisms regulating endogenous signaling, it is important to consider the dynamic transcriptomic response of porcine GCs during in vitro culturing over 48, 96, and 144 h. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a variable and dynamic transcriptional upregulation of genes associated with cellular response to endogenous and external stimuli, chemical compound metabolism, vascular development, and GCs migration. Also, proven by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, the following terms were highlighted: \u201ccellular response to chemical stimulus\u201d and \u201ccellular response to organic substance\u201d. Specific genes, such as HSD3B1, POSTN, LOX, SERPINB2, ITGB3, ANKRD1, SLC1A1, and SFRP2, exhibited significant expression changes, suggesting extensive GCs self-regulation and metabolism changes. Further analysis indicates improvements in cellular response to a cytokine stimulus, growth factor response, hormone response, enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling, and positive regulation of cell migration. These findings suggest interweaving of regulatory mechanisms underlying intercellular communication in GCs during in vitro culturing, despite the lack of signals from the native ovarian environment. Further investigating interplays of detecting pathways will provide a more comprehensive understanding and even insights into the potential clinical use of the knowledge about the role of GCs in folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and ovulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:27:21Z","timestamp":1781666841000},"page":"5445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Profile of Genes Regulating Cellular Response to Extra- and Intracellular Stimuli in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells During In Vitro Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9018-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Data","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wies\u0142awa","family":"Kranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Blatkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"J\u00f3zkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1098-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Gnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5220-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6995-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Pawe\u0142","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u017bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Niebora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Bryja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Olechnowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Piotrowska-Kempisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Mozdziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kempisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"},{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech 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