{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:41:04Z","timestamp":1785426064906,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["32152\/12\/16.12.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32152\/12\/16.12.2024"]}]},{"award":["32152\/12\/16.12.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32152\/12\/16.12.2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051h0cw83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization","award":["760067\/23.05.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760067\/23.05.2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) represents the most aggressive thyroid malignancy, characterized by rapid progression, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. Conventional treatments remain largely ineffective, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly the Warburg effect (WE), has emerged as a promising area of investigation. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of WE in ATC and PDTC, integrating data from molecular profiling, preclinical studies, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Oncogenic alterations frequently observed in ATC, including mutations in BRAF, RAS, TP53, and activation of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and HIF-1\u03b1 signaling, converge to promote glycolytic reprogramming. This metabolic shift supports tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and metastasis through increased glucose uptake, lactate production, and microenvironmental remodeling. Key metabolic nodes, including glucose transporters, hexokinase, and monocarboxylate transporters, are regarded as promising targets. Preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological inhibition of these pathways reduces tumor growth, enhances radiosensitivity, and improves response to targeted therapies. Future efforts should focus on combination therapies, biomarker-driven patient stratification, and the development of targeted delivery systems to overcome toxicity and resistance. A deeper understanding of tumor metabolic heterogeneity will be essential for translating these approaches into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1781691593000},"page":"5472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting the Warburg Effect in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Metabolic Vulnerabilities and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Olga-Maria","family":"Iova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400023 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Genomics, MEDFUTURE Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe-Eduard","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400023 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7521-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"R\u0103zniceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400023 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5594-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0218tefania-Maria","family":"Mocrei-Rebrean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400023 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian Romeo","family":"Pintilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400023 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9603-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romana T.","family":"Netea-Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, MEDFUTURE Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Berindan-Neagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, MEDFUTURE Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003284","article-title":"Global Burden of Thyroid Cancer in 2022: Incidence and Mortality Estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"137","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790834","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/790834","article-title":"Update on Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Morphological, Molecular, and Genetic Features of the Most Aggressive Thyroid Cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Ragazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2023.2695","article-title":"Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Pathogenesis, Prognostic Factors and Genetic Landscape (Review)","volume":"19","author":"Alhejaily","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101678","article-title":"Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: An Update","volume":"37","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taccaliti, A., Silvetti, F., Palmonella, G., and Boscaro, M. (2012). Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. Front. Endocrinol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00084"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00292-019-0600-9","article-title":"Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: An Underdiagnosed Entity","volume":"41","author":"Dettmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0509","article-title":"Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"29","author":"Ibrahimpasic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: A Case Report of a Long Term Survival Patient and Review of Literature Data","volume":"18","author":"Ursino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.3362","article-title":"Evaluation of Overall Survival in Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma, 2000\u20132019","volume":"6","author":"Maniakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.05.032","article-title":"Combined Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Hyperfractionated Accelerated External Radiotherapy","volume":"60","author":"Baudin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24559","article-title":"Role of Surgery in the Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Korean Nationwide Multicenter Study of 329 Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma, 2000 to 2012","volume":"39","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2001.118266","article-title":"Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A 50-Year Experience at a Single Institution","volume":"130","author":"McIver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagayama, Y., and Hamada, K. (2022). Reprogramming of Cellular Metabolism and Its Therapeutic Applications in Thyroid Cancer. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121214"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg Effect: How Does It Benefit Cancer Cells?","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748211041243","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748211041243","article-title":"Contemporary Perspectives on the Warburg Effect Inhibition in Cancer Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Kozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85271","article-title":"Genomic and Transcriptomic Hallmarks of Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers","volume":"126","author":"Landa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113826","article-title":"The Genomic and Evolutionary Landscapes of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert, L., Mariko, M.L., Clerc, J., Huillard, O., and Groussin, L. (2023). MAPK Pathway Inhibitors in Thyroid Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Data. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030710"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannin, A., Escande, A., Al Ghuzlan, A., Blanchard, P., Hartl, D., Chevalier, B., Deschamps, F., Lamartina, L., Lacroix, L., and Dupuy, C. (2022). Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: An Update. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041061"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0373","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of 779 Advanced Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers","volume":"24","author":"Pozdeyev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e250225","article-title":"BRAF V600E in Thyroid Cancer: Navigating Prognostic Uncertainty and Therapeutic Opportunity","volume":"14","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0700","article-title":"BRAFV600E\/p-ERK\/p-DRP1(Ser616) Promotes Tumor Progression and Reprogramming of Glucose Metabolism in Papillary Thyroid Cancer","volume":"34","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.150607","article-title":"Correlation of BRAFV600E Mutation and Glucose Metabolism in Thyroid Cancer Patients: An 18F-FDG PET Study","volume":"56","author":"Nagarajah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.21125","article-title":"The Glycolytic Switch in Tumors: How Many Players Are Involved?","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3106","article-title":"RAS Oncogenes: Weaving a Tumorigenic Web","volume":"11","author":"Grabocka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2664","article-title":"Targeting PI3K Signalling in Cancer: Opportunities, Challenges and Limitations","volume":"9","author":"Engelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171765","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/171765","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Promotes Growth and Invasion of Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"2011","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1106","article-title":"Efatutazone, an Oral PPAR-\u03b3 Agonist, in Combination with Paclitaxel in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Results of a Multicenter Phase 1 Trial","volume":"98","author":"Smallridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R143","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0533","article-title":"TERT Promoter Mutations in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2024.04.004","article-title":"Extra-Nuclear TERT Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Promotes Progression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"271","author":"Muzza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26660","article-title":"Tumor Cells Containing the African-Centric S47 Variant of TP53 Show Increased Warburg Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Barnoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6296","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6296","article-title":"Mutant TP53 Driving the Warburg Effect in Mantle Cell Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Kliebhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.032","article-title":"TP53 Mutations in Head and Neck Cancer Cells Determine the Warburg Phenotypic Switch Creating Metabolic Vulnerabilities and Therapeutic Opportunities for Stratified Therapies","volume":"478","author":"Wilkie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E497","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1512","article-title":"Cell Cycle Deregulation and TP53 and RAS Mutations Are Major Events in Poorly Differentiated and Undifferentiated Thyroid Carcinomas","volume":"99","author":"Pita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00586-x","article-title":"Regulators of Glucose Uptake in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"18","author":"Heydarzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacka, K., Maciejewski, A., Tyburski, P., Manuszewska-Jopek, E., Majewski, P., and Wi\u0119ckowska, B. (2025). Rationale for Testing TP53 Mutations in Thyroid Cancer-Original Data and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031035"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70110","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70110","article-title":"Mutations in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: An Analysis of the Japanese National Genomic Database","volume":"10","author":"Nagano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravi, N., Yang, M., Gretarsson, S., Jansson, C., Mylona, N., Sydow, S.R., Woodward, E.L., Ekblad, L., Wennerberg, J., and Paulsson, K. (2019). Identification of Targetable Lesions in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer by Genome Profiling. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030402"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-18-0196","article-title":"ATM Deficiency Promotes Progression of CRPC by Enhancing Warburg Effect","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-024-00354-2","article-title":"PAF1\/HIF1\u03b1 Axis Rewires the Glycolytic Metabolism to Fuel Aggressiveness of Pan-creatic Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Ogunleye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qannita, R.A., Alalami, A.I., Harb, A.A., Aleidi, S.M., Taneera, J., Abu-Gharbieh, E., El-Huneidi, W., Saleh, M.A., Alzoubi, K.H., and Semreen, M.H. (2024). Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) in Cancer: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Pathway Regulation. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020195"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112957","article-title":"The Role of PI3K-Akt-mTOR Axis in Warburg Effect and Its Modification by Specific Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Human and Rat Inflammatory Macrophages","volume":"141","author":"Szokol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab102","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab102","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Inhibits PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Axis in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer via Genomic Mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.10.016","article-title":"The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in initiation and progression of thyroid tumors","volume":"321","author":"Saji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.12.014","article-title":"Dabrafenib plus Trametinib in Patients with BRAF V600E-Mutant Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Updated Analysis from the Phase II ROAR Basket Study","volume":"33","author":"Subbiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2024.102861","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Inhibitors for Hormone Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer","volume":"132","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"e230297","article-title":"The Prognostic Power of Gene Mutations in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601989","article-title":"Underexpression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)\u03b3 in PAX8\/PPAR\u03b3-Negative Thyroid Tumours","volume":"91","author":"Marques","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672829","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/672829","article-title":"The Role of the PAX8\/PPAR\u03b3 Fu-sion Oncogene in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"2008","author":"Placzkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0210","article-title":"Highly Prevalent TERT Promoter Mutations in Aggressive Thyroid Cancers","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-016-9445-4","article-title":"Genomic Landscape of Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu749","article-title":"Characterization of the Mutational Landscape of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer via Whole-Exome Sequencing","volume":"24","author":"Kunstman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0254","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas: A Retrospective Study of 144 Cases","volume":"27","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Revisiting the Hallmarks of Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Fouad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The Hallmarks of Cancer","volume":"100","author":"Hanahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13141","article-title":"Cancer Hallmarks, Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02119-3","article-title":"Altered Metabolism in Cancer: Insights into Energy Pathways and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"23","author":"Tufail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02263-4","article-title":"Reprogramming of Thyroid Cancer Metabolism: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"24","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04617-2","article-title":"The Potential Role of Reprogrammed Glucose Metabolism: An Emerging Actionable Codependent Target in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ediriweera, M.K., and Jayasena, S. (2023). The Role of Reprogrammed Glucose Metabolism in Cancer. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13030345"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2409509121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2409509121","article-title":"The Warburg Effect Is the Result of Faster ATP Production by Glycolysis than Respiration","volume":"121","author":"Kukurugya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03342","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03342","article-title":"Quantitative Determinants of Aerobic Glycolysis Identify Flux through the Enzyme GAPDH as a Limiting Step","volume":"3","author":"Shestov","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1579","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Clinical Application in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-7948.C1.003","article-title":"Thyroid Cancer Metabolism: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thyroid Disord. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"3930","article-title":"Targeting Lactate-Fueled Respiration Selectively Kills Hypoxic Tumor Cells in Mice","volume":"118","author":"Sonveaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2018.12.006","article-title":"Warburg Effects in Cancer and Normal Proliferating Cells: Two Tales of the Same Name","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, M., Nguyen, N.T., Bhutia, Y.D., Sivaprakasam, S., and Ganapathy, V. (2024). Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic\/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancers, 16, Correction in Cancers 2024, 16, 1627.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16091627"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.September.5.3","article-title":"Glucagon-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth through the HIF-1-VEGF-Dependent Pathway in Hyperglycemic Nude Mice","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2904","article-title":"Akt Stimulates Aerobic Glycolysis in Cancer Cells","volume":"64","author":"Elstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64554-3","article-title":"The Expression and Distribution of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factors HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in Normal Human Tissues, Cancers, and Tumor-Associated Macrophages","volume":"157","author":"Talks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.4.309","article-title":"Levels of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha during Breast Carcinogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Bos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1852","article-title":"Sugar and Fat\u2014That\u2019s Where It\u2019s at: Metabolic Changes in Tumors","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114818","article-title":"SSRI Antidepressant Citalopram Reverses the Warburg Effect to Inhibit Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Directly Targeting GLUT1","volume":"43","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Chaudhry, R., and Varacallo, M.A. (2025). Biochemistry, Glycolysis. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordani, M., Rumio, C., Bontempi, G., Strippoli, R., and Marcucci, F. (2025). Oxidative and Glycolytic Metabolism: Their Reciprocal Regulation and Dysregulation in Cancer. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151177"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/ddc2030037","article-title":"Unmasking the Warburg Effect: Unleashing the Power of Enzyme Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Zubiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs Drug Candidates"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.47","article-title":"Anticancer Strategies Based on the Metabolic Profile of Tumor Cells: Therapeutic Targeting of the Warburg Effect","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-18-0193","article-title":"KAT5 Promotes Invasion and Metastasis through C-MYC Stabilization in ATC","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3935","article-title":"Tumour-Associated Mutant P53 Drives the Warburg Effect","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, L., Xu, T., Lu, X., Huang, P., Pan, Z., and Ge, M. (2021). Metabolic Reprogramming of Thyroid Cancer Cells and Crosstalk in Their Microenvironment. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.773028"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0154","article-title":"Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Molecular Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies","volume":"16","author":"Smallridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Pirahanchi, Y., Toro, F., and Jialal, I. (2025). Physiology, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Shahid, M.A., Ashraf, M.A., and Sharma, S. (2025). Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Tian, L., Teng, D., and Teng, W. (2023). The Relationship between Thyrotropin Serum Concentrations and Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15205017"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.35.1.44","article-title":"Recent Improvements in Genomic and Transcriptomic Understanding of Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancers","volume":"35","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02339-z","article-title":"Regulation of Iodide Transportation by a Plant Secondary Metabolite in SW1736 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line","volume":"16","author":"Heydarzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"e230016","article-title":"Type 2 Deiodinase Is Expressed in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Its Inhibition Causes Cell Senescence","volume":"30","author":"Porcelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00275","article-title":"Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling","volume":"40","author":"Bianco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casula, S., and Bianco, A.C. (2012). Thyroid Hormone Deiodinases and Cancer. Front. Endocrinol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00074"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2023.1802","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Ju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-97-4-962","article-title":"The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Shunt in Thyrotropin-Induced Thyroid Hormone Secretion: In Vivo and Vitro Studies with 6-Aminonicotinamide in Mouse Thyroids","volume":"97","author":"Hashizume","year":"1975","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110595","article-title":"Targeting the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Increases Reactive Oxygen Species and Induces Apoptosis in Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"499","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12140","article-title":"The Return of Metabolism: Biochemistry and Physiology of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway","volume":"90","author":"Stincone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S., Zhou, F., and Wu, X. (2025). Lactate-Mediated Crosstalk Between Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125583"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Fei, Y., Wang, H., Hu, S., Liu, C., Hu, R., and Du, Q. (2023). CAFs Orchestrates Tumor Immune Microenvironment\u2014A New Target in Cancer Therapy?. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1113378"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2021.5239","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Induced M2-Polarized Macrophages Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Pathway","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948098","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/948098","article-title":"Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors","volume":"2012","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Tom\u00e1s, R., and P\u00e9rez-Guill\u00e9n, I. (2020). Lactate in the Tumor Microenvironment: An Essential Molecule in Cancer Progression and Treatment. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113244"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2019.04.007","article-title":"The Warburg Effect, Lactate, and Nearly a Century of Trying to Cure Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prete, A., Matrone, A., Gambale, C., Torregrossa, L., Minaldi, E., Romei, C., Ciampi, R., Molinaro, E., and Elisei, R. (2021). Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Insights into Genomics, Microenvironment and New Drugs. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133200"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00897","article-title":"Targeting Colorectal Cancer with Conjugates of a Glucose Transporter Inhibitor and 5-Fluorouracil","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3007-9","article-title":"Inhibition of Glut1 by WZB117 Sensitizes Radioresistant Breast Cancer Cells to Irradiation","volume":"77","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010428317695922","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317695922","article-title":"Glycolysis-Related Protein Expression in Thyroid Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Nahm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciscato, F., Ferrone, L., Masgras, I., Laquatra, C., and Rasola, A. (2021). Hexokinase 2 in Cancer: A Prima Donna Playing Multiple Characters. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094716"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209603","article-title":"Hexokinase II: Cancer\u2019s Double-Edged Sword Acting as Both Facilitator and Gatekeeper of Malignancy When Bound to Mitochondria","volume":"25","author":"Mathupala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96562-x","article-title":"PKM2 Modulates Chemotherapy Sensitivity by Regulating Autophagy and Predicts the Prognosis and Immunity in Pancancer","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148067","article-title":"A Review on the Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Cancer: From Metabolic Switch to Transcriptional Regulation","volume":"330","author":"Zulfareen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-022-10027-5","article-title":"Treatment against Glucose-Dependent Cancers through Metabolic PFKFB3 Targeting of Glycolytic Flux","volume":"41","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17044","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.44","article-title":"Roles of PFKFB3 in Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmanouilidi, A., and Falasca, M. (2017). Targeting PDK1 for Chemosensitization of Cancer Cells. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9100140"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pai, S., Yadav, V.K., Kuo, K.-T., Pikatan, N.W., Lin, C.-S., Chien, M.-H., Lee, W.-H., Hsiao, M., Chiu, S.-C., and Yeh, C.-T. (2021). PDK1 Inhibitor BX795 Improves Cisplatin and Radio-Efficacy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Downregulating the PDK1\/CD47\/Akt-Mediated Glycolysis Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111492"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, D., and Banerjee, D. (2019). Lactate Dehydrogenases as Metabolic Links between Tumor and Stroma in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers, 11, Erratum in Cancers 2020, 12, 932.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040932"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.04.029","article-title":"Pharmacological or Genetic Inhibition of LDHA Reverses Tumor Progression of Pediatric Osteosarcoma","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, X.-Y., Yang, J.-L., Lai, R., Zhou, Z.-J., Tang, D., Hu, L., and Zhao, L.-J. (2025). Impact of Lactate on Immune Cell Function in the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1563303"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.07.006","article-title":"Monocarboxylate Transporters in Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Payen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.01.007","article-title":"Targeting Monocarboxylate Transporters (MCTs) in Cancer: How Close Are We to the Clinics?","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infantino, V., Santarsiero, A., Convertini, P., Todisco, S., and Iacobazzi, V. (2021). Cancer Cell Metabolism in Hypoxia: Role of HIF-1 as Key Regulator and Therapeutic Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115703"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0186-2","article-title":"Glucose Transporters: Physiological and Pathological Roles","volume":"8","author":"Navale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, R.G., Fortunato, R.S., and Carvalho, D.P. (2018). Metabolic Reprogramming in Thyroid Carcinoma. Front. Oncol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00082"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01205-6","article-title":"Warburg Effect and Lactylation in Cancer: Mechanisms for Chemoresistance","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2006.07.006","article-title":"Expression of the GLUT1 Glucose Transporter, P63 and P53 in Thyroid Carcinomas","volume":"202","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathol.-Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.05.003","article-title":"Expression Analysis of Facilitative Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) in Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines and Primary Tumors","volume":"291","author":"Ciampi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiwa, L.S., van Diest, P.J., Hoefnagel, L.D., Wesseling, J., Wesseling, P., and Moelans, C.B. (2014). Upregulation of Claudin-4, CAIX and GLUT-1 in Distant Breast Cancer Metastases. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-864"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1967","article-title":"An Overview of MCT1 and MCT4 in GBM: Small Molecule Transporters with Large Implications","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2015.09.025","article-title":"Mitochondrial Metabolism as a Treatment Target in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000549","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000549","article-title":"Tumor-Targeted Inhibition of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 Improves T-Cell Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32348","article-title":"Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 Inhibition Potentiates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy through Enhancing T Cell Infiltration and Immune Attack","volume":"77","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellin.2023.100077","article-title":"Hexokinases in Cancer and Other Pathologies","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Insight"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(84)90172-X","article-title":"Hexokinase Isoenzymes from Anaplastic and Differentiated Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in the Rat","volume":"20","author":"Rijksen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850401)55:7<1519::AID-CNCR2820550718>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Determination and Characterization of Hexokinase in Thyroid Cancer and Benign Neoplasms","volume":"55","author":"Verhagen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Aggarwal, A., Yuan, Z., and Nehs, M.A. (2019, January 5\u20137). Glucose Increases Hexokinase-2 Expression and Glycolytic Capacity in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Proceedings of the Academic Surgical Congress, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2025.06.2665","article-title":"3-Bromopyruvate in Combination with Radiation Inhibits Pancreatic Tumor Growth by Suppressing Hexokinase II (HK2) Enzyme of Aerobic Glycolysis","volume":"123","author":"Shukla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotowski, K., Rosik, J., Machaj, F., Supplitt, S., Wiczew, D., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, K., Wiechec, E., Ghavami, S., and Dzi\u0119giel, P. (2021). Role of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 in Cancer: Genetic Basis, Impact on Disease Development\/Progression, and Potential as Therapeutic Targets. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040909"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03725-3","article-title":"PFKFB3 Facilitates Cell Proliferation and Migration in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma via the WNT\/\u0392-catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"85","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra, K., Dey, T., Mishra, S.P., and Pandey, U. (2020). Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Cancer: The Role of PKM2 in Promoting Tumorigenesis. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00159"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-00987-8","article-title":"RBX1 Regulates PKM Alternative Splicing to Facilitate Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Metastasis and Aerobic Glycolysis by Destroying the SMAR1\/HDAC6 Complex","volume":"13","author":"Debin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.054","article-title":"Pyruvate Kinase M2 Is a PHD3-Stimulated Coactivator for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1","volume":"145","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, J., Phillips, J.J., Zheng, S., Wiencke, J., Ronen, S.M., and Pieper, R.O. (2013). Pyruvate Kinase M2 Expression, but Not Pyruvate Kinase Activity, Is Up-Regulated in a Grade-Specific Manner in Human Glioma. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057610"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33232","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033232","article-title":"Expression of HIF-1\u03b1\/PKM2 Axis Correlates to Biological and Clinical Significance in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"102","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375109","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3375109","article-title":"Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Oncogenic and Prognostic Role of PKM2: A Potential Target for Survival and Immunotherapy","volume":"2023","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kachel, P., Trojanowicz, B., Sekulla, C., Prenzel, H., Dralle, H., and Hoang-Vu, C. (2015). Phosphorylation of Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tissue. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1135-y"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-08-0251","article-title":"Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1\u03b1 in Thyroid Carcinomas","volume":"17","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad103","article-title":"M2 Isoform of Pyruvate Kinase Rewires Glucose Metabolism during Radiation Therapy to Promote an Antioxidant Response and Glioblastoma Radioresistance","volume":"25","author":"Bailleul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-210111","article-title":"Targeting PKM2 Promotes Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000074430","article-title":"Tumour and Angiogenesis Research Group Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes 1 and 5: Differential Expression by Neoplastic and Stromal Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other Epithelial Malignant Tumors","volume":"24","author":"Koukourakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines2040038","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming in Thyroid Cancer: Role of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"2","author":"Fedele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Zhong, X., Liu, J., Ying, Y., Liao, Z., Liu, J., Zhao, L., Zhong, J., and Zeng, X. (2025). Developments in the Study of the Role of Lactate Metabolism in the Genesis and Progression of Thyroid Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1640454"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2024.04.033","article-title":"Lactate Dehydrogenase A Is Associated with Elevated FDG Metabolism, Radioiodine Non-Avidity, and Poor Prognosis in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.02.002","article-title":"HIF-1-Mediated Expression of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase: A Metabolic Switch Required for Cellular Adaptation to Hypoxia","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djx071","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx071","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex\/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDC\/PDK) Axis in Cancer","volume":"109","author":"Stacpoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/121518","article-title":"PD-L1, PDK-1 and p-Akt Are Correlated in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.06.013","article-title":"PDK1 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression by Enhancing the Stability and Transcriptional Activity of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-015-3858-x","article-title":"Cancer Metabolism and the Warburg Effect: The Role of HIF-1 and PI3K","volume":"42","author":"Courtnay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2020.05.220","article-title":"HIF1\u03b1-Dependent Mitophagy Facilitates Cardiomyoblast Differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Sinha, S., and Shrivastava, N. (2022). Therapeutic Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1) in Cancer: Cutting Gordian Knot of Cancer Cell Metabolism. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.849040"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00339-6","article-title":"Targeting Cancer Metabolism in the Era of Precision Oncology","volume":"21","author":"Stine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27953","article-title":"Glucose Transporter 1 Inhibitors Induce Autophagy and Synergize with Lenvatinib in Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"47","author":"Kuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34291","article-title":"Shikonin Inhibits the Growth of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells by Promoting Ferroptosis and Inhibiting Glycolysis","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116626","article-title":"The Effect of Apigenin on Glycometabolism and Cell Death in an Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line","volume":"475","author":"Heydarzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-13-0097","article-title":"Targeting 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase (PFKFB3) as a Therapeutic Strategy against Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Clem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62793","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19513","article-title":"The Molecular Basis of Targeting PFKFB3 as a Therapeutic Strategy against Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05709-z","article-title":"Targeting Aurora-A Inhibits Tumor Progression and Sensitizes Thyroid Carcinoma to Sorafenib by Decreasing PFKFB3-Mediated Glycolysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.043","article-title":"Dual Inhibition of the Lactate Transporters MCT1 and MCT4 Is Synthetic Lethal with Metformin Due to NAD+ Depletion in Cancer Cells","volume":"25","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benyahia, Z., Blackman, M.C.N.M., Hamelin, L., Zampieri, L.X., Capeloa, T., Bedin, M.L., Vazeille, T., Schakman, O., and Sonveaux, P. (2021). In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of MCT1 Inhibitor AZD3965 Confirms Preclinical Safety Compatible with Breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030569"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2263","article-title":"A Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of AZD3965, an Oral Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Halford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000226","article-title":"Effect of Lactate Export Inhibition on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Growth and Metabolism","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac548","article-title":"Targeting Tumor Hypoxia Inhibits Aggressive Phenotype of Dedifferentiated Thyroid Cancer","volume":"108","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03483-0","article-title":"ZMYND8 Promotes the Warburg Effect and Tumorigenesis through C-Myc Activation in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02282-2","article-title":"Targeting Metabolism by B-Raf Inhibitors and Diclofenac Restrains the Viability of BRAF-Mutated Thyroid Carcinomas with Hif-1\u03b1-Mediated Glycolytic Phenotype","volume":"129","author":"Aprile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01297-x","article-title":"Development of a Rational Strategy for Integration of Lactate Dehydrogenase A Suppression into Therapeutic Algorithms for Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-0041","article-title":"Glycolytic Inhibition Alters Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Tumor Metabolism and Improves Response to Conventional Chemotherapy and Radiation","volume":"11","author":"Sandulache","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2024.2312790","article-title":"Autophagy Sustains Mitochondrial Respiration and Determines Resistance to BRAFV600E Inhibition in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells","volume":"20","author":"Calafell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.05.055","article-title":"Glycolytic Inhibition with 3-Bromopyruvate Suppresses Tumor Growth and Improves Survival in a Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer","volume":"171","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240209","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-24-0209","article-title":"Mannose Enhances Anti-Tumor Effect of PLX4032 in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7277","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-1868","article-title":"Combined Targeting of PDK1 and EGFR Triggers Regression of Glioblastoma by Reversing the Warburg Effect","volume":"73","author":"Velpula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.527","article-title":"PDK1 Inhibition Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"108","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5253","article-title":"PDK1 Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation and Migration by Enhancing the Warburg Effect in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-022-01741-0","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Sildenafil Potentiates the Antitumor Activity of Cisplatin by ROS-Mediated Apoptosis: A Role of Deregulated Glucose Metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Rawat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14683","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01197","article-title":"Reprogramming Energy Metabolism with Synthesized PDK Inhibitors Based on Dichloroacetate Derivatives and Targeted Delivery Systems for Enhanced Cancer Therapy","volume":"66","author":"She","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0047-4","article-title":"Phase 1 Trial of Dichloroacetate (DCA) in Adults with Recurrent Malignant Brain Tumors","volume":"32","author":"Dunbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31ra34","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000677","article-title":"Metabolic Modulation of Glioblastoma with Dichloroacetate","volume":"2","author":"Michelakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12677","article-title":"circCCDC66 Promotes Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migratory and Invasive Abilities and Glycolysis through the miR-211-5p\/PDK4 Axis","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520621666210910100803","article-title":"Inactivation of PDH Can Reduce Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells\u2019 Sensitivity to Artemisinin","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-19-0079","article-title":"Metabolic Flexibility in Cancer: Targeting the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Axis","volume":"18","author":"Woolbright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.057","article-title":"Disrupting Glycolysis and DNA Repair in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer with Nucleus-Targeting Platinum Nanoclusters","volume":"369","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13359","article-title":"RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Glycolysis through MAPK\/CREB Signaling to Affect Ferroptosis and Chemotherapy Sensitivity of Thyroid Cancer Cells","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"5526581","article-title":"Study on the Antitumor Effect and Glycolysis of Andrographolide in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"2021","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.131708","article-title":"Tumor Metabolic Plasticity in Therapy Resistance: From the Warburg Effect to Mitochondrial Hijacking","volume":"16","author":"Tzeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-012-2045-1","article-title":"A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Alone or Combined with Docetaxel in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors","volume":"71","author":"Raez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020160110000004","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity of 3-Bromopyruvate in Mice","volume":"31","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cir\u00fargica Bras."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Gong, J., Kang, B., Wang, Z., Ma, Y., Xia, X., and Yan, H. (2026). Targeting Glycolytic Metabolism in Cancer Therapy: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040362"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.55137","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Radiosensitization, and Chemosensitization of Tumor Cells by 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in Vitro","volume":"5","author":"Dwarakanath","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Wang, W., Idowu, M.O., Oh, U., Wang, X.-Y., Temkin, S.M., and Fang, X. (2018). Ovarian Cancer Relies on Glucose Transporter 1 to Fuel Glycolysis and Growth: Anti-Tumor Activity of BAY-876. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11010033"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71155","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71155","article-title":"Overcoming the Low Bioavailability of Apigenin: The Therapeutic Efficacy for Androgenetic Alopecia Through Topical Administration","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lew, C.-Y., Tang, Y.-T., Lee, A.Y.-J., Chin, Z.-J., Chang, W.-L., Chen, C.-H., and Chye, S.-M. (2025). Shikonin as a Dietary Phytochemical with Multi-Target Anti-Cancer Activities: From Molecular Mechanisms to Translational Applications. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.1821.v1"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, H., Manfredi, M., and Ecsedy, J.A. (2015). Scientific Rationale Supporting the Clinical Development Strategy for the Investigational Aurora A Kinase Inhibitor Alisertib in Cancer. Front. Oncol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00189"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50290","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10366","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of the Aurora a Selective Kinase Inhibitor, Alisertib, against Preclinical Models of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Pitts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104922","article-title":"Nanomedicine Targeting the Warburg Effect: Advanced Strategies for Cancer Therapy","volume":"215","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101920","article-title":"Enabling Tumor-Specific Drug Delivery by Targeting the Warburg Effect of Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23737","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c05308","article-title":"Magnetic Targeting and Ultrasound Activation of Liposome-Microbubble Conjugate for Enhanced Delivery of Anticancer Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2024.103160","article-title":"Cationic Nanocarriers: A Potential Approach for Targeting Negatively Charged Cancer Cell","volume":"327","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"111","article-title":"Iodine-125 Seed Implantation in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Interv. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.06.003","article-title":"Implantable Chemothermal Brachytherapy Seeds: A Synergistic Approach to Brachytherapy Using Polymeric Dual Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia for Malignant Solid Tumor Ablation","volume":"129","author":"Aguilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelakkot, C., Chelakkot, V.S., Shin, Y., and Song, K. (2023). Modulating Glycolysis to Improve Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032606"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mire\u0219tean, C.C., Iancu, R.I., and Iancu, D.P.T. (2022). New Horizons in Modulating the Radio-Sensitivity of Head and Neck Cancer\u2014100 Years after Warburg\u2019 Effect Discovery. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.908695"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.10.002","article-title":"Metabolic Functions of the Tumor Suppressor P53: Implications in Normal Physiology, Metabolic Disorders, and Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Lacroix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5472\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:23:24Z","timestamp":1781691804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}}}