{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:51:39Z","timestamp":1785408699335,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Research"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e4zxr41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common non-melanoma skin cancers worldwide. Although surgery and adjuvant therapies are often effective, the treatment of high-risk or advanced lesions remains challenging due to recurrence, resistance, toxicity, and limited long-term control. Natural compounds have, therefore, gained interest as multi-target agents for cancer prevention and treatment. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antitumoral activity of natural compounds against cSCC. A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a conservative, mechanism-based classification framework. The included studies evaluated purified compounds, crude extracts, essential oils, formulations, and combination treatments. Despite chemical diversity, antitumoral activity converged on defined biological processes, including apoptosis, non-apoptotic regulated cell death, redox modulation, oncogenic signaling inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, epigenetic regulation, photodynamic ROS generation, and chemopreventive or immune-mediated mechanisms. Mechanistic specificity was higher among purified compounds, while complex extracts showed broader, context-dependent effects. Several agents demonstrated consistent in vitro and in vivo activity, which supports their translational relevance. Natural compounds target shared biological vulnerabilities in cSCC through mechanistically convergent pathways. The framework presented here supports mechanism-guided prioritization and may facilitate the translation of promising compounds into clinically relevant strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"5531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9078-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Forno-Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre KN0202, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Arciniegas Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre KN0202, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre KN0202, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Pouya","family":"Aghili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre KN0202, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedberg, M.L., Berry, C.T., Moshiri, A.S., Xiang, Y., Yeh, C.J., Attilasoy, C., Capell, B.C., and Seykora, J.T. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073478"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, R., Fritz, M., and Que, S.K.T. (2024). Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Updated Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16101800"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00583-5","article-title":"Advances in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Winge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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