{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:21:06Z","timestamp":1785410466447,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency FOREST Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR 2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR 2001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJFR 2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR 2001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25KJ1835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25KJ1835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25KJ1835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25KJ1835"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical hybridization agents (CHAs) enable efficient, large-scale hybrid seed production, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Understanding how CHAs induce male sterility at the metabolic level is important for both basic pollen biology and crop breeding. Here, we performed integrated metabolomic analyses to investigate the metabolic basis of the action of trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA) across multiple species and tissues. TFMSA treatment induced systemic metabolic reprogramming across species, prominently affecting amino acid metabolism, central carbon metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism. Although individual metabolite responses varied among species, pathway-level analyses consistently revealed coordinated modulation of carbon\u2013nitrogen metabolic networks. In reproductive tissues, TFMSA induced tissue-specific metabolic changes. In cowpea anthers, proline was the only metabolite significantly altered and was strongly depleted, whereas in floral tissues several amino acids, including phenylalanine and tyrosine, were accumulated. Pathway analysis revealed altered amino acid metabolism, suggesting that systemic metabolic responses accompanied the proline reduction in anthers. These findings indicate that TFMSA induces male sterility through coordinated metabolic reprogramming across tissues and species, leading to depletion of key metabolites required for pollen development. This study provides a metabolic framework for understanding CHA-induced male sterility and highlights TFMSA as a powerful tool for probing metabolic regulation of pollen development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"5554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trifluoromethanesulfonamide Induces Male Sterility Through Systemic Metabolic Reprogramming and Anther-Specific Proline Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan"},{"name":"Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science DC, 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Tabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0802-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masami Yokota","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasrein Mohamed","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani P.O. Box 126, Sudan"},{"name":"International Platform for Dryland Research and Education (IPDRE), Tottori University, 1390, Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6370-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Platform for Dryland Research and Education (IPDRE), Tottori University, 1390, Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Arid Land Research Center (ALRC), Tottori University, 1390, Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan"},{"name":"Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-Cho, Yonago 683-8503, Tottori, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.12473","article-title":"The use of genetic, manual and chemical methods to control pollination in vegetable hybrid seed production: A review","volume":"136","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"The \u2018Effects of cross- and self-fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom\u2019\u20141876","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Darwin","year":"1888","journal-title":"The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"189","article-title":"Inheritance of male sterility in the onion and the production of hybrid seed","volume":"43","author":"Jones","year":"1943","journal-title":"Proc. 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