{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1782272928232,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In hemodialysis patients, Body Mass Index is insufficient in assessing their nutritional status due to the \u2018obesity paradox\u2019 and the association between body composition and inflammation. This study assessed the relationship between body composition, traditional inflammatory markers, the new NETosis indicators (neutrophil extracellular traps), and their association with 12-month mortality. The study included 99 maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. Their body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood serum was tested for inflammatory markers (hs-CRP-high sensitive c-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, TNF-\u03b1 tumor necrosis factor alfa, IL-1\u03b2 interleukin-1 beta), NETosis markers (citrullinated histone CH3, myeloperoxidase -MPO, elastase), and nutritional status parameters (albumin, transferrin). No correlation between BMI -body mas index and inflammation was demonstrated. Higher adipose tissue, particularly visceral, was significantly positively correlated with IL-6 and hs-CRP levels, while muscle mass was negatively correlated with inflammation. Dialysis catheter use was associated with higher CH3 levels (NETosis indicator) and lower albumin concentrations. Low albumin levels and high TNF-\u03b1 levels were independent predictors of death. Body composition, rather than BMI, is associated with the severity of inflammation. Visceral obesity is positively correlated with increased inflammation, while muscle mass shows an inverse association. Dialysis catheters are linked to higher NETosis markers and lower albumin levels, which are associated with a poorer prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"5591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Vicious Cycle of Inflammation: How Obesity, Dialysis Catheters, and NETosis Determine Albumin Levels and Prognosis in Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9358-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Lecyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7651-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Lica-Miler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1027-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Szubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4809-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violetta","family":"Dziedziejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Marcinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kapczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9415-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Safranow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00615.x","article-title":"Body weight-for-height relationships predict mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"56","author":"Kopple","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.324","article-title":"Association of body size with outcomes among patients beginning dialysis","volume":"80","author":"Johansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0336","article-title":"The obesity paradox and mortality associated with surrogates of body size and muscle mass in patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"85","author":"Streja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.299","article-title":"Appetite and inflammation, nutrition, anemia, and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients","volume":"80","author":"Block","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c283","DOI":"10.1159\/000328931","article-title":"Relationship between Fat Mass and Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"119","author":"Ishimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.06.028","article-title":"Associations of Body Mass Index and Body Fat with Markers of Inflammation and Nutrition Among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis","volume":"70","author":"Delgado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.11.007","article-title":"Relationship of obesity and visceral adiposity with serum concentrations of CRP, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6","volume":"69","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00654-1","article-title":"Association between inflammatory mediators and muscle mass in long-term hemodialysis patients","volume":"42","author":"Kaizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, T.C., Su, H.Y., Chen, Y.T., Wu, P.Y., Chen, H.H., Chen, T.H., Hsu, Y.H., and Yang, S.H. (2016). Ratio of C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Predicts Muscle Mass in Adult Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165403"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Yang, P., Lv, H., Wang, W., Zhang, Q., Pan, H., and Yu, S. (2025). Inflammatory markers predict MIA syndrome progression and cardiovascular disease outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04578-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canaud, B., Stenvinkel, P., Scheiwe, R., Steppan, S., Bowry, S., and Castellano, G. (2024). The Janus-faced nature of complement in hemodialysis: Interplay between complement, inflammation, and bioincompatibility unveiling a self-amplifying loop contributing to organ damage. Front. Nephrol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2024.1455321"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, M., Miyakawa, H., Ohama, K., and Kimura, H. (2025). A critical role of neutrophil-driven amplification of chronic microinflammation in the biocompatibility of hemodialysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136472"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campo, S., Lacquaniti, A., Trombetta, D., Smeriglio, A., and Monardo, P. (2022). Immune system dysfunction and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: Two sides of the same coin. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133759"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.06.014","article-title":"Neutrophil Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Dialysis Patients","volume":"2","author":"Bieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcae175.764","article-title":"Assessment of neutrophil activation in children with chronic kidney disease stage 5 on hemodialysis: Effect of a single procedure","volume":"117","author":"Edris","year":"2024","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.303","article-title":"Non-infected hemodialysis catheters are associated with increased inflammation compared to arteriovenous fistulas","volume":"76","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321750","article-title":"NETs-Induced Thrombosis Impacts on Cardiovascular and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"132","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-1010-6","article-title":"NETosis provides the link between activation of neutrophils on hemodialysis membrane and comorbidities in dialyzed patients","volume":"66","author":"Korabecna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae508","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: An ESC clinical consensus statement","volume":"45","author":"Koskinas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.12.013","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis suggests obesity predicts onset of chronic kidney disease in the general population","volume":"91","author":"Garofalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015030252","article-title":"Inflammation Modifies the Paradoxical Association between Body Mass Index and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"27","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.543","article-title":"Survival advantages of obesity in dialysis patients","volume":"81","author":"Abbott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0653-x","article-title":"Body mass index and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motofelea, A.C., Pecingina, R., Olariu, N., Marc, L., Chisavu, L., Bob, F., Mihaescu, A., Apostol, A., Schiller, O., and Motofelea, N. (2026). The Obesity Paradox Reconsidered: Evidence from a Multicenter Romanian Hemodialysis Cohort. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010357"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.12.009","article-title":"Impact of Misclassification of Obesity by Body Mass Index on Mortality in Patients with CKD","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02954-z","article-title":"Malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) is stronger predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients than waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)-4-year follow-up","volume":"54","author":"Prelevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"318","article-title":"The association Malnutrition-Inflammation Score with chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: A multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Behbahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Chang, L., Yang, R., Tian, R., Xiong, M., and Zhang, H. (2025). Phase angle as a novel indicator of sarcopenic obesity in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1684789"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii35","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy175","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in end-stage renal disease and dialysis","volume":"3","author":"Cobo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03500412","article-title":"Association between Albuminuria, Kidney Function, and Inflammatory Biomarker Profile in CKD in CRIC","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, H., Lei, C.-T., and Zhang, C. (2017). Interleukin-6 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Kidney Disease: An Update. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00405"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa099","article-title":"Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: Next steps in clinical translation","volume":"42","author":"Lawler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13575","article-title":"Role of High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein in Future Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"38","author":"Osawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, C.C., Kacso, I., Moldovan, D., Potra, A., Tirinescu, D., Ticala, M., Maslyennikov, Y., Urs, A., and Bondor, C.I. (2025). Exploring the Associations Between Inflammatory Biomarkers, Survival, and Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients and the Interrelationship with Nutritional Parameters\u2014The Experience of a Single Transylvanian Dialysis Center. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041139"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.08.002","article-title":"Abdominal obesity in normal weight versus overweight and obese hemodialysis patients: Associations with nutrition, inflammation, muscle strength, and quality of life","volume":"59","author":"Beberashvili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq246","article-title":"Adipose tissue in renal disease: Clinical significance and prognostic implications","volume":"25","author":"Iglesias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7430","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070441","article-title":"Epigenetic and Molecular Alterations in Obesity: Linking CRP and DNA Methylation to Systemic Inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Cucoreanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111906","article-title":"Interleukin-6 promotes visceral adipose tissue accumulation during aging via inhibiting fat lipolysis","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70363","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70363","article-title":"Intermuscular adipose tissue and muscle function in patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"13","author":"Dilaver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.21106","article-title":"Handgrip Strength: An Irreplaceable Indicator of Muscle Function","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02799-6","article-title":"Effects of pre-dialysis resistance training on sarcopenia, inflammatory profile, and anemia biomarkers in older community-dwelling patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Gadelha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, F.G., Molina, M., Soler-Majoral, J., Romero-Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Chitiva, N.R., Troya-Saborido, M., Rullan, G.S., Burgos, E., Mart\u00ednez, J.P., and Jou, M.U. (2022). Evolving Concepts on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204297"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Istanbuly, O., Belcher, J., Tabinor, M., Solis-Trapala, I., Lambie, M., and Davies, S.J. (2023). Estimating the association between systemic Interleukin-6 and mortality in the dialysis population. Re-analysis of the global fluid study, systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03370-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1159\/000518652","article-title":"IL-6 Is Associated with Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification and Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients","volume":"52","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"84","article-title":"Immune disorders in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Sharif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Gao, L. (2022). Inflammation and cardiovascular disease associated with hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.800950"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeletti, A., Zappulo, F., Donadei, C., Cappuccilli, M., Di Certo, G., Conte, D., Comai, G., Donati, G., and La Manna, G. (2020). Immunological effects of a single hemodialysis treatment. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56020071"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losappio, V., Franzin, R., Infante, B., Godeas, G., Gesualdo, L., Fersini, A., Castellano, G., and Stallone, G. (2020). Molecular mechanisms of premature aging in hemodialysis: The complex interplay between innate and adaptive immune dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103422"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478486","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2478486","article-title":"Prolonged use of dialysis catheters is associated with elevated chronic inflammatory markers: A single center case series","volume":"47","author":"Tapolyai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-240X(200006)23:3<222::AID-NUR6>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 have differential effects on food intake and gastric emptying in fasted rats","volume":"23","author":"McCarthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/109980040000100405","article-title":"Cytokines and the anorexia of infection: Potential mechanisms and treatments","volume":"1","author":"McCarthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0670","article-title":"The screening of albumin as a key serum component in preventing release of neutrophil extracellular traps by selectively inhibiting mitochondrial ROS generation","volume":"99","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubert, E., Senger-Sander, S.N., Manzke, V.S., Busse, J., Polo, E., Scheidmann, S.E.F., Sch\u00f6n, M.P., Kruss, S., and Erpenbeck, L. (2019). Serum and serum albumin inhibit in vitro formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00012"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.39.20250069","article-title":"Human serum albumin modified in myeloperoxidase-dependent reactions is a mediator of neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"40","author":"Grigorieva","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh941","article-title":"Revisiting mortality predictability of serum albumin in the dialysis population: Time dependency, longitudinal changes and population-attributable fraction","volume":"20","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00076.x","article-title":"Relationships among inflammation nutrition and physiologic mechanisms establishing albumin levels in hemodialysis patients","volume":"61","author":"Kaysen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13463","article-title":"Predicting 3-year mortality based on the tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration in low-flux hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Thang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.10.024","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 depuration is a predictor of mortality in critically ill patients under continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration treatment","volume":"71","author":"Quinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112795","article-title":"Impedance-derived phase angle as an indicator of physical function in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.11.008","article-title":"Phase angle as a marker of muscle quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Prado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111527","article-title":"Predictive value of phase angle in sarcopenia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"94","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.09.001","article-title":"Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis\u2013Derived Phase Angle Predicts Protein\u2013Energy Wasting in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"29","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein\u2013energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10588","article-title":"The Use of Visceral Proteins as Nutrition Markers: An ASPEN Position Paper","volume":"36","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"801","article-title":"Effects of elastase and cathepsin G on the levels of membrane and soluble TNF\u03b1","volume":"386","author":"Bzowska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.06.003","article-title":"Mechanism of TNF\u03b1-induced IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 expression in human cardiac fibroblasts: Effects of statins and thiazolidinediones","volume":"76","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.117","article-title":"Plasma levels of IL-1\u03b2, TNF\u03b1 and their specific inhibitors in undialyzed chronic renal failure, CAPD and hemodialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"Pereira","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80476-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes","volume":"242","author":"Castell","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(92)90079-7","article-title":"Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein","volume":"4","author":"Ballou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2174\/1876823701103010062","article-title":"Methods for body composition analysis in adults","volume":"3","author":"Ayvaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Obes. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01033.x","article-title":"Beyond the body mass index: Tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Lagerpusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0167-5","article-title":"Association of body composition with bone mineral density in northern Chinese men by different criteria for obesity","volume":"38","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.02.017","article-title":"Impact of body composition, nutritional and inflammatory status on outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Baldessari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"2379","article-title":"The value and limitations of the body mass index (BMI) in the assessment of the health risks of overweight and obesity","volume":"148","author":"Kok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battineni, G., Sagaro, G.G., Chintalapudi, N., Amenta, F., Tomassoni, D., and Tayebati, S.K. (2021). Impact of Obesity-Induced Inflammation on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094798"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000930","article-title":"Impact of hypertension on mortality and cardiovascular disease burden in patients with cardiovascular risk factors from a general practice setting: The ESCARVAL-risk study","volume":"34","author":"Redon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00497-1","article-title":"Obesity paradox: Fact or fiction?","volume":"12","author":"Simati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218818161","article-title":"Body composition and mortality in the general population: A review of epidemiologic studies","volume":"243","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1499","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw zmian sk\u0142adu cia\u0142a na ryzyko zgonu z jakiejkolwiek przyczyny u os\u00f3b starszych","volume":"35","author":"Graf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z\u0307ywienie Klin."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of NETosis","volume":"36","author":"Thiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadatane, S.P., Satariano, M., Massey, M., Mongan, K., and Raina, R. (2023). The Role of Inflammation in CKD. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121581"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristol, J.-P., Thierry, A.R., Bargnoux, A.-S., Morena-Carrere, M., and Canaud, B. (2023). What is the role of the neutrophil extracellular traps in the cardiovascular disease burden associated with hemodialysis bioincompatibility?. Front. Med., 10, Erratum in Front. Med. 2024, 11, 1393023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1393023.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1268748"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.162","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000719","article-title":"Evidence of Netosis in Septic Shock-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","volume":"47","author":"Delabranche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"487","article-title":"Long-term Complications in Hemodialysis","volume":"12","author":"Blagg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.10.002","article-title":"Neutrophil intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of NETosis in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Poli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"2784","article-title":"NETosis: How vital is it?","volume":"122","author":"Yipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2020, March 07). Seca mBCAUser Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.seca.com\/fileadmin\/documents\/manual\/seca_man_525_535_en.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:24:45Z","timestamp":1782271485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/12\/5591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27125591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27125591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]}}}