{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:10:19Z","timestamp":1785409819690,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre","award":["FF-2023-189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2023-189"]}]},{"award":["FF-2023-189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2023-189"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01590nj79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review aims to evaluate the potential of endometriosis models, especially patient-derived iPSC models, to gain deeper insights into the disease, thereby advancing our understanding and treatment of endometriosis. This comprehensive narrative review utilized a structured search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, primarily covering literature published between January 2000 and May 2025. An expansive search strategy was employed to capture the full breadth of the field using keywords such as \u201cendometriosis,\u201d \u201cinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),\u201d \u201cpatient-derived organoids,\u201d \u201cdisease modeling,\u201d and \u201cepigenetics\u201d without restrictive filtering, ensuring the integration of both foundational theories and emerging biotechnological advances. In total, over 170 peer-reviewed publications were analyzed, ranging from landmark genomic meta-analyses that have identified significant risk loci to state-of-the-art 3D-culture systems for modeling patient-specific endometrial disease. By synthesizing these diverse sources, the review bridges the gap between traditional anatomical classifications and modern molecular modeling to evaluate the potential of iPSC platforms for personalized medicine and therapeutic discovery. Endometriosis is a multifactorial gynecological condition that affects 176 million women worldwide and can significantly impair quality of life. It occurs when endometrium-like tissue grows outside the uterus, responsive to ovarian hormones, causing inflammation, pain, and discomfort, and leading to fibrotic tissue. World Health Organization estimates indicate that 6\u201310% of women suffer from this disorder, which can cause infertility and increase the risk of developing various types of cancer and autoimmune disorders. The use of patient-derived iPSC models serves to gain deeper insights into the disease by mimicking the endometrial tissue or lesions observed in affected individuals, thereby advancing our understanding and treatment of endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"5614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building Disease Models for Endometriosis: iPSCs as Game-Changers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Khalisa H.","family":"Kahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"E-Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazlina","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Min Hwei","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4632-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Haslinda","family":"Abd Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izyan","family":"Mohd Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Block C, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gee Jun","family":"Tye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor City 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Safwani","family":"Wan Kamarul Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Research Priorities for Endometriosis: Recommendations from a Global Consortium of Investigators in Endometriosis","volume":"24","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. 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