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For 3D construction, stromal cells were mixed with extracellular matrix components, followed by endothelial cell seeding. Morphological analysis confirmed the organization of tissue-like structures. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry verified the expression of specific stromal and endothelial markers (Cytokeratin, Vimentin, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, and von Willebrand factor). Cell viability and proliferation increased over time, with minimal cell death. To test functional responsiveness, these co-cultures were exposed to inflammatory serum from endometriotic patients. After 48 h, cytometric bead array showed elevated levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8 in cultures treated with inflammatory serum, indicating preserved functional activity and responsiveness. By allowing detailed investigation of functional endometrial states within a physiologically relevant cellular network, this approach provides a valuable organoid-like tool to explore conditions such as implantation failure and infertility and to study the cellular interactions underlying reproductive pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"5645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Organoid-like Co-Culture of Human Endometrial Endothelial and Stromal Cells to Study Endometriosis-Associated Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0656-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Borgato","family":"Guedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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