{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:04:36Z","timestamp":1785409476338,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2306401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2306401"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82471823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82471823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471823"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82293635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82293635"]}]},{"award":["82293635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82293635"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-translational modification (PTM) neoantigens have emerged as key drivers of autoimmune inflammation. However, standardized protocols for MHC Class II tetramer preparation for the detection of such antigen-specific T cells remain limited, hindering the broader application of this important discovery. This study systematically engineered an HLA-DR4 (HLA-DRB1*04:02 and HLA-DRA*01:01) tetramer platform based on carboxyethyl-modified neoantigen ITGA2B peptide (ITG-CE), a PTM associated with autoimmune diseases (AUIDs) such as Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). The platform provides a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II tetramer associated with the PTM neoantigen and integrates modular protein construct, a controllable PTM peptide exchange strategy, and a specific T cell receptor (TCR) validation model. It can be employed to investigate PTM neoantigen presentation and CD4+ T cell auto-reactivity, providing extensive application value for future research into the mechanisms of PTM-induced AUIDs and immune monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"5660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive HLA-DR4 MHC Class II Tetramer Platform for the Detection and Functional Validation of Post-Translational Modification Neoantigens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1457-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henghui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6093-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kyac011","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyac011","article-title":"What Do Cancer-Specific T Cells \u201cSee\u201d?","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. 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