{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:40:43Z","timestamp":1785415243645,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["8762E-385\/SPUB\/2018\/31.07.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8762E-385\/SPUB\/2018\/31.07.2018"]}]},{"award":["8762E-385\/SPUB\/2018\/31.07.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8762E-385\/SPUB\/2018\/31.07.2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"WULS-SGGW"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, yet their long-term effects on the rhizosphere (RS) microbial communities remain poorly understood, particularly with respect to microbial selection and functional potential. This study evaluated the number of selected groups of microorganisms culturable in vitro in the RS and bulk soil (BS) within 10-year monocultures of 11 medicinal plant species, and as a targeted case study, we performed shotgun metagenomic profiling for Allium ursinum. The abundance of microorganisms differed markedly among plant species, indicating species-specific RS selection. Azotobacter spp. showed the strongest variation: they were not detected in the RS of Allium ursinum, Thymus vulgaris, and Carum carvi, whereas higher counts were observed under Artemisia dracunculus (135.1 \u00d7 102 CFU g\u22121 DM), Melissa officinalis (67.1 \u00d7 102 CFU g\u22121 DM) and Calendula officinalis (38.8\u00d7 102 CFU g\u22121 DM). Azotobacter spp. may serve as a sensitive candidate indicator of RS imbalance. Metagenomic analysis of the A. ursinum-associated soil revealed fine-scale taxonomic restructuring, while major functional categories remained broadly similar between the RS and BS. The novelty of this study lies in the development of the Integrated Microbiological Health Soil Index (IMHSI) and the proposal of a Nitrogen Enrichment Index (NEI) as exploratory composite metrics that integrate selected functional microbial groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"5665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Microbiological Indicators and Shotgun Metagenomics for the Assessment of the Rhizosphere Microbiome of Medicinal Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Wojty\u015b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa Beata","family":"G\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Osi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Institute of Horticulture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Batory Academy of Applied Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences, Batorego 64C, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Gozdowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry, Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gworek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection\u2014National Research Institute, S\u0142owicza 32, 02-170 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Natalia Sierra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kondras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Hewelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Development and Remote Sensing, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2474-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Fidler-Jarkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2606-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Academy of Medical Sciences of Applied and Holistic Sciences in Warsaw, Al. Jerozolimskie 133A, 02-304 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3370-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Orzechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"A review on some folk medicinal plants and their common uses","volume":"3","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Biot. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2022.19.2.0202","article-title":"Herbs as cosmetics for natural care: A review","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of herbal medicines and implications for conventional drug therapy medical sciences","volume":"2","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Altern. Integ. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-025-00985-z","article-title":"From nature to nutrition: Exploring the synergistic benefits of functional foods and herbal medicines for holistic health","volume":"68","author":"Mudondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"10","article-title":"A review on antifungal and antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants","volume":"1","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro Nano Bio Asp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5114\/hpc.2016.59635","article-title":"Health properties of selected herbal plants","volume":"10","author":"Kozak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Probl. Civiliz."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedsph.2024.03.005","article-title":"Root exudate-driven rhizospheric recruitment of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"122","article-title":"Allelopathic potential of Allium ursinum","volume":"265","author":"Djurdjevic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragkouli, R., Antonopoulou, M., Asimakis, E., Spyrou, A., Kosma, C., Zotos, A., Tsiamis, G., Patakas, A., and Triantafyllidis, V. (2023). Mediterranean plants as potential source of biopesticides: An overview of current research and future trends. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0422.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3126\/ire.v8i1.56729","article-title":"Environmental Pollution and Its Effects on Human Health","volume":"8","author":"Gyawali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"56","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris essential oil: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity","volume":"7","author":"Boruga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00654.x","article-title":"Plant species and soil type cooperatively shape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere","volume":"68","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00695.x","article-title":"Bacterial diversity promotes community stability and functional resilience after perturbation","volume":"7","author":"Girvan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320054111","article-title":"Soil biodiversity and soil community composition determine ecosystem multifunctionality","volume":"111","author":"Wagg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00035-9","article-title":"The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.12.001","article-title":"Soil nutrient availability regulated global carbon use efficiency","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"107","article-title":"The rhizosphere: Carbon sources and microbial populations","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Newman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ecological Interactions in Soil: Plants, Microbes and Animals"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dent, D. (2014). Ecological Agriculture to Mitigate Soil Fatigue. Soil as World Heritage, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6187-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.030","article-title":"Soil quality\u2014A critical review","volume":"120","author":"Bongiorno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4027","article-title":"The central role of microbial diversity and networking in the adaptation of soil ecosystems to global change","volume":"27","author":"Bastida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(03)00085-9","article-title":"Indicators for evaluating soil quality","volume":"98","author":"Schloter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, P., Wang, B., Qi, M., Lin, R., Chen, H., Xie, C., Zhang, Z., Qiu, J., Du, H., and Ge, Y. (2024). Medicinal plant root exudate metabolites shape the rhizosphere microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147786"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-024-01275-w","article-title":"Diversity and plant growth properties of rhizospheric bacteria associated with medicinal plants","volume":"64","author":"Jabborova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wankhade, A., Wilkinson, E., Britt, D.W., and Kaundal, A. (2025). A review of plant\u2013microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and the role of root exudates in microbiome engineering. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.0134.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Weston, L.A., Zhu, S., and Zhou, X. (2023). Rhizosphere interactions: Root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1281010"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.08.004","article-title":"Azotobacter: A potential bio-fertilizer for soil and plant health management","volume":"27","author":"Sumbul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03451-5","article-title":"Recent advances in metagenomic approaches, applications, and challenges","volume":"80","author":"Lema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2312987","article-title":"Metagenomic approaches for understanding new concepts in microbial science","volume":"2018","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0232-4393(89)80071-X","article-title":"Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance in Azotobacter chroococcum: Multiple antibiotikaresistenz bei Azotobacter chroococcum","volume":"144","author":"Sindhu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16360","article-title":"The evolving copiotrophic\/oligotrophic dichotomy: From Winogradsky to physiology and genomics","volume":"25","author":"Couso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.11.019","article-title":"New volatile sulfur-containing compounds from wild garlic (Allium ursinum L., Liliaceae)","volume":"78","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, P., Moore, P.K., Whiteman, M., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2019). An appraisal of developments in allium sulfur chemistry: Expanding the pharmacopeia of garlic. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24214006"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devkota, H.P., and Aftab, T. (2022). Arnica montana L.: Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities. Medicinal Plants of the Asteraceae Family, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6080-2"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"20","article-title":"Roles and influence of rhizobacteria on development of plants","volume":"6","author":"Adeoyo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Soil Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Ram\u00edrez, Z.Y., Gonz\u00e1lez-Escobedo, R., Avila-Quezada, G.D., Ram\u00edrez-S\u00e1nchez, O., Higareda-Alvear, V.M., Zapata-Ch\u00e1vez, E., Borrego-Loya, A., and Mu\u00f1oz-Castellanos, L.N. (2024). Exploring microbial rhizosphere communities in asymptomatic and symptomatic apple trees using amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14020357"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial community and of actinomycetes composition from the Allium ursinum L. species rhizosphere","volume":"59","author":"Borozan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lucr. Stiintifice Ser. Agron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2023.107959","article-title":"Regional variation in the antibacterial activity of a wild plant, wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.)","volume":"202","author":"Burton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2022.108599","article-title":"Garlic polysaccharides: A review on their extraction, isolation, structural characteristics, and bioactivities","volume":"518","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbial abundance in rhizosphere of medicinal and aromatic plant species in conventional and organic growing systems","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ratar. Povrt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01286-25","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01286-25","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of TayeBlu, a novel bacteriophage of Azotobacter vinelandii","volume":"14","author":"Akanbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2004.04.006","article-title":"Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: Can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited?","volume":"36","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"136","article-title":"Factors determining the occurrence and number of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter in the soil environment","volume":"52","author":"Martyniuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011711","article-title":"Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites","volume":"15","author":"Insam","year":"1988","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Huang, X., Chai, D., Gu, Y., Zhao, K., Yu, X., Shuai, Z., and Liu, H. (2022). The cropping obstacle of garlic was associated with changes in soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities and bacterial and fungal communities. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.828196"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2025.2532729","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in pesticide biodegradation: A comprehensive review","volume":"35","author":"Devi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.09.036","article-title":"Actinomycetes benefaction role in soil and plant health","volume":"111","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.1945","article-title":"The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative soil quality evaluation method","volume":"68","author":"Andrews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.08.007","article-title":"Past, present and future of soil quality indices","volume":"147","author":"Bastida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-017-1248-3","article-title":"Microbial indicators for soil quality","volume":"54","author":"Schloter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2002). Soil Quality\u2014Determination of Organic and Total Carbon After Dry Combustion (Elementary Analysis) (Standard No. PN-ISO 10694)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2002). Soil Quality\u2014Determination of Total Nitrogen\u2014Modified Kjeldahl Method (Standard No. PN-ISO 11261)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Nowosielski, O. (1972). Metody Oznaczania Potrzeb Nawo\u017cenia [Methods for Determining Fertilization Needs], PWRiL."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1955.tb00836.x","article-title":"Microbiological studies of some subantarctic soils","volume":"6","author":"Bunt","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-195003000-00006","article-title":"Use of acid, rose bengal, and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi","volume":"69","author":"Martin","year":"1950","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.15.4.223-234.1928","article-title":"The decomposition of cellulose by aerobic bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Dubos","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"76","article-title":"Isolation and identification of amylase-producing microorganisms","volume":"20","author":"Elechi","year":"2022","journal-title":"GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Girard, H., and Rougieux, R. (1967). Techniques de Microbiologie Agricole, Dunod."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"109","article-title":"Microbial diversity as an indicator of a diversified cropping system for luvisoils in a moderate climate. Case study\u2014Long term experiments from Poland","volume":"141","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.2.340-346.1996","article-title":"Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhabiting a hot spring microbial mat community","volume":"62","author":"Ferris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, F., Paarmann, D., D\u2019Souza, M., Olson, R., Glass, E.M., Kubal, M., Paczian, T., Rodriguez, A., Stevens, R., and Wilke, A. (2008). The metagenomics RAST server\u2014A public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. BMC Bioinform., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-386"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.238","article-title":"Soil quality index: Exploring options for a comprehensive assessment of land use impacts in LCA","volume":"215","author":"Laurentiis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.12.049","article-title":"A minimum data set and soil quality index to quantify the effect of land use conversion on soil health","volume":"75","author":"Raiesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5438","article-title":"Soil Quality index according to diverse land use systems across the Europe","volume":"36","author":"Baig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740050554","article-title":"The measurement of soil fungal: Bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands","volume":"29","author":"Bardgett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5665\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:58:35Z","timestamp":1782799115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27135665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27135665","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}