{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:44:16Z","timestamp":1782783856468,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022ZD0211700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0211700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Foreign Talents Program","award":["2025A1313010088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1313010088"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by SCN1A haploinsufficiency. While brain pathology has been extensively studied, the retina remains underexplored. This study investigated retinal structural, functional, vascular, and cellular changes in a Scn1a+\/\u2212 rat model of DS. Anatomical quantification revealed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and thickening of the outer plexiform layer. Electroretinography (ERG) showed selectively reduced oscillatory potential amplitudes, suggesting dysfunction of neurovascular coupling. Consistent with these findings, immunohistochemistry demonstrated aberrant vascular morphology, including increased vessel curvature and reduced branching density. In addition, we observed robust microglial activation in the outer and inner plexiform layers; however, astrocyte morphology remained largely unchanged. Fenfluramine, an approved anti-seizure drug for DS, attenuated microglial activation but failed to rescue retinal structural or vascular deficits, indicating a dissociation between its anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying effects. Our findings suggest that multimodal retinal assessment could serve as a noninvasive biomarker platform for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response in DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:49:23Z","timestamp":1782434963000},"page":"5752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fenfluramine Attenuates Retinal Microglial Activation but Does Not Rescue Structural and Vascular Deficits in a Rat Model of Dravet Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5840-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7070-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ying","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Naumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 230027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-026-01276-x","article-title":"Ameliorating Seizures in Dravet Syndrome: A Review of Newly Approved and Investigational Drugs, RNA and Gene-Based Therapies","volume":"40","author":"Balestrini","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.02994.x","article-title":"The core Dravet syndrome phenotype","volume":"52","author":"Dravet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02885.x","article-title":"A retrospective study of the relation between vaccination and occurrence of seizures in Dravet syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Lotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001855","article-title":"Effect of vaccinations on seizure risk and disease course in Dravet syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Verbeek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., and Stafstrom, C.E. 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