{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:17:19Z","timestamp":1793276239413,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK125351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK125351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01 DK125351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK125351"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00adh9b73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is an ongoing global health concern, particularly affecting agricultural communities in equatorial regions. Unlike traditional chronic kidney disease (CKD), CKDu occurs without common risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, or kidney stones. Its etiology remains poorly understood, with environmental exposures, occupational hazards, and genetic susceptibility proposed as contributing factors. Omic technologies including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and exposomics offer promising avenues to elucidate CKDu pathogenesis by enabling comprehensive molecular profiling and identification of biomarkers. Recent genomic studies have explored single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to kidney injury susceptibility, while transcriptomic analyses have identified differential expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and tubular injury pathways. Proteomic investigations have revealed candidate urinary biomarkers such as heat shock proteins and inflammatory mediators, and metabolomic profiling has highlighted alterations in amino acid and energy metabolism in affected individuals. Exposomic approaches are beginning to characterize cumulative chemical exposures, including pesticides and heavy metals, in endemic regions. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the application of omics approaches in CKDu research, highlights knowledge gaps, and proposes future directions for integrating multi-omics studies with machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches. Advancing omics-based investigations may provide critical insights into disease mechanisms, improve diagnostic precision, and inform targeted interventions for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"5766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Need for Omics Studies in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): A Narrative Review and Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Carly S.","family":"Chesterman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy S.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5536-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhoumeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.01.060","article-title":"Exposome and Metabolome Analysis of Sugarcane Workers Reveals Predictors of Kidney Injury","volume":"9","author":"Stem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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