{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:32:38Z","timestamp":1790281958694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-POC-2023-12378186 CUP I73C24000330006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2023-12378186 CUP I73C24000330006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNRR-POC-2023-12378186 CUP I73C24000330006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-POC-2023-12378186 CUP I73C24000330006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative wound complications remain a major cause of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life. While traditional wound dressings functioned primarily as passive barriers against contamination and exudate, advances in wound biology have transformed surgical wound management. Tissue repair is now recognized as a dynamic immunometabolic process involving coordinated interactions among immune cells, stromal populations, extracellular matrix remodeling, mechanotransduction, mitochondrial function, redox balance, microbial ecology, and bioelectrical signaling. Consequently, modern wound dressings are increasingly designed as bioactive systems capable of actively modulating the wound microenvironment. Recent developments in biomaterials science, immunoengineering, nanotechnology, extracellular vesicle biology, bioelectronics, and artificial intelligence have enabled the creation of advanced wound platforms, including stimuli-responsive hydrogels, immunomodulatory biomaterials, nanozyme-based dressings, conductive scaffolds, oxygen-generating matrices, extracellular vesicle-loaded systems, and biosensor-integrated interfaces. Therapeutic strategies are progressively shifting from antimicrobial-focused approaches toward immune-regenerative modulation targeting chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, cellular senescence, and impaired mechanobiological signaling. This review examines emerging surgical wound dressings from mechanistic, translational, and biomaterial perspectives, highlighting current innovations, translational challenges, and future directions. Collectively, these technologies may enable intelligent therapeutic systems capable of sensing and directing tissue regeneration in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"5772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advanced Functional Wound Dressings in Precision Surgery: Immunometabolic Reprogramming, Bioadaptive Biomaterials, and Intelligent Regenerative Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, \u00bd D\u0142uga Street, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mattina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Maria","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogera","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hymos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansur","family":"Rahnama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Suwalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Jemielity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, \u00bd D\u0142uga Street, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2798-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Krasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular, Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Science, \u00bd Dluga Street, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Jin, Y., Ding, Z., Nuch, K.S., Han, M., Shim, J., Chien, P.N., and Heo, C.Y. (2025). Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Repair: From Biology to Therapeutic Innovation. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231850"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2268-0","article-title":"Transition from inflammation to proliferation: A critical step during wound healing","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2023.01.002","article-title":"Reducing Risks for Poor Surgical Wound Healing","volume":"31","author":"Hom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359125","article-title":"Factors affecting wound healing","volume":"89","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e50942","article-title":"Challenges and Solutions in Postoperative Complications: A Narrative Review in General Surgery","volume":"15","author":"Javed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2021.0026","article-title":"Human Wound and Its Burden: Updated 2020 Compendium of Estimates","volume":"10","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"10tkac014","article-title":"Challenges and innovations in treating chronic and acute wound infections: From basic science to clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104324","article-title":"Magnitude of surgical site infection and determinant factors among postoperative patients, A cross sectional study","volume":"83","author":"Birhanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44565","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044565","article-title":"Operating room-related risk factors for surgical site infection in general surgeries: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"377","article-title":"Prevention of Postoperative Wound Infections","volume":"2018","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Control Infect. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.a2021.0089","article-title":"The safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of gentamycin-collagen sponge in multicomponent prevention strategy of cardiac implantable electronic device infections\u2014A single-center experience","volume":"79","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731460","article-title":"Updates in Diabetic Wound Healing, Inflammation, and Scarring","volume":"35","author":"Dasari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253506","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1253506","article-title":"Metabolic diseases and healthy aging: Identifying environmental and behavioral risk factors and promoting public health","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0150","article-title":"Human Wound and Its Burden: Updated 2022 Compendium of Estimates","volume":"12","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"239","article-title":"Wounds\u2014From physiology to wound dressing","volume":"105","author":"Kujath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumberg, V., Astrelina, T., Malivanova, T., and Samoilov, A. (2021). Modern Wound Dressings: Hydrogel Dressings. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091235"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatarusanu, S.M., Lupascu, F.G., Profire, B.S., Szilagyi, A., Gardikiotis, I., Iacob, A.T., Caluian, I., Herciu, L., Gisc\u0103, T.C., and Baican, M.C. (2023). Modern Approaches in Wounds Management. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173648"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2500196","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202500196","article-title":"Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing by Plant Protein-Based Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds and Patches for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"46","author":"Marszalik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70378","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70378","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Chronic Wound Healing: Translational and Clinical Relevance","volume":"6","author":"Riaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.017","article-title":"Metabolic orchestration of the wound healing response","volume":"33","author":"Eming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265sr6","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009337","article-title":"Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation","volume":"6","author":"Eming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.05.001","article-title":"Contribution of platelets, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems to cutaneous wound healing","volume":"179","author":"Opneja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00089","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 and Endoglin Signaling Orchestrate Wound Healing","volume":"2","author":"Valluru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligi, D., Croce, L., Mosti, G., Raffetto, J.D., and Mannello, F. (2017). Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Isoforms and Soluble Endoglin Concentration in Different States of Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102206"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-021-09786-7","article-title":"Neutrophils: Fast and furious-the nucleotide pathway","volume":"17","author":"Rubenich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114004","article-title":"The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asunama, A.S.R., Nambi, N., Radhakrishnan, L., Prasad, M.K., and Ramkumar, K.M. (2024). Neutrophil Migration is a Crucial Factor in Wound Healing and the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Insights into Pharmacological Interventions. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701611308960241014155413"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10107-0","article-title":"Macrophage efferocytosis promotes inflammation resolution and accelerates wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"484","article-title":"Polysaccharide-engineered mitochondria reprogram macrophages to resolve diabetic wound inflammation and promote repair","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-016-0435-x","article-title":"Effect of M1\u2013M2 Polarization on the Motility and Traction Stresses of Primary Human Macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Hind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.349","article-title":"Signaling pathways in macrophages: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e658","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.658","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity: Signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.01.006","article-title":"Balancing macrophage polarization via stem cell-derived apoptotic bodies for diabetic wound healing","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00919-5","article-title":"Macrophage-specific inhibition of the histone demethylase JMJD3 decreases STING and pathologic inflammation in diabetic wound repair","volume":"19","author":"Audu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiPietro, L.A., Wilgus, T.A., and Koh, T.J. (2021). Macrophages in Healing Wounds: Paradoxes and Paradigms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020950"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732718","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1732718","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: Molecular mechanisms, disease implications, and targeted therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07581-1","article-title":"Integrative single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis reveals lipid metabolism-mediated macrophage heterogeneity during colorectal cancer liver metastasis progression","volume":"24","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9871","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S480901","article-title":"The Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes on Metabolic Reprogramming in Scar Formation and Wound Healing","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411000614","article-title":"Effects of nutrition on wound healing","volume":"110","author":"Ondrey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08754-w","article-title":"Macrophage-derived IL-1\u03b2 directs fibroblast progenitor cell fate via metabolic reprogramming in wound healing","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2018.07.014","article-title":"Mitochondria in innate immune signaling","volume":"202","author":"Banoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.07.012","article-title":"Mitochondria reactive oxygen species signaling-dependent immune responses in macrophages and T cells","volume":"58","author":"Weinberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156620","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism in macrophages for cardiovascular disease: A review","volume":"140","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, F., Camporeale, V., Leccese, G., Cuttano, R., Troise, D., Infante, B., Stallone, G., Netti, G.S., and Ranieri, E. (2025). From Senescent Cells to Systemic Inflammation: The Role of Inflammaging in Age-Related Diseases and Kidney Dysfunction. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221831"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannito, S., Giardino, I., d\u2019Apolito, M., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., Scaltrito, F., Mangieri, D., and Piscazzi, A. (2025). The Multifaceted Role of Mitochondria in Angiogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167960"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118349","article-title":"Mitochondrial homeostasis: Exploring their impact on skin disease pathogenesis","volume":"189","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01495-y","article-title":"HypoxamiR-210 accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice by improving cellular metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, Y., Fan, Y., Ma, J., Lu, W., Liu, N., Chen, Y., Pan, W., and Tao, X. (2021). The PI3K\/Akt Pathway: Emerging Roles in Skin Homeostasis and a Group of Non-Malignant Skin Disorders. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051219"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, T., Boateng, S.T., Uddin, M.B., Banang-Mbeumi, S., Yadav, R.K., Bock, C.R., Folahan, J.T., Siwe-Noundou, X., Walker, A.L., and King, J.A. (2023). The PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Associated Signaling Pathways as Molecular Drivers of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Update on Therapeutic Strategy Using Natural and Synthetic Compounds. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121671"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.03.001","article-title":"Role of the PI3K\/AKT (mTOR and GSK3\u03b2) signalling pathway and photobiomodulation in diabetic wound healing","volume":"50","author":"Jere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678953","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1678953","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in scar remodeling and keloid formation: Mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Martinez, M., and Cabail, M.Z. (2022). The PI3K\/Akt Pathway in Meta-Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315330"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20251166","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1166","article-title":"Wound healing and signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01512-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: From mechanism to therapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S519100","article-title":"Research Progress of Multifunctional Hydrogels in Promoting Wound Healing of Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00067.2017","article-title":"Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective","volume":"99","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12687","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04206","article-title":"Functional Hydrogels as Wound Dressing to Enhance Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00419","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in Acute and Chronic Wound Healing and Interventions to Promote Pro-wound Healing Phenotypes","volume":"9","author":"Krzyszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120286","article-title":"ROS-scavenging hydrogel to promote healing of bacteria infected diabetic wounds","volume":"258","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200223","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200223","article-title":"Wound healing: Cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37510","article-title":"Cell-instructive biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"111","author":"Adhikari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0485","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Reorganization During Wound Healing and Its Impact on Abnormal Scarring","volume":"4","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.01.019","article-title":"The big five in fibrosis: Macrophages, myofibroblasts, matrix, mechanics, and miscommunication","volume":"68\u201369","author":"Pakshir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673312649240829103906","article-title":"Trends in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200623131200","article-title":"Challenges and New Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Chronic Wounds","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114506","article-title":"Redox-responsive chitosan hydrogel releases mitochondria-targeted fullerenol to reprogram M1\/M2 macrophage balance for diabetic wound healing","volume":"390","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.06.186","article-title":"Nanocomposite hydrogel for skin motion sensing\u2014An antifreezing, nanoreinforced hydrogel with decorated AuNP as a multicrosslinker","volume":"674","author":"Karbarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.08.048","article-title":"Fast self-healing and rebuildable polyphosphate-based metallo-gels with mixed ionic-electronic conductivity","volume":"533","author":"Skovroinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302391","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302391","article-title":"Oxygen-Generating Hydrogels as Oxygenation Therapy for Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2306152","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306152","article-title":"Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammation Targeted Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli, J., and Tang, Y. (2017). Hydrogel Based Sensors for Biomedical Applications: An Updated Review. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9080364"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quazi, M.Z., Hwang, J., Song, Y., and Park, N. (2023). Hydrogel-Based Biosensors for Effective Therapeutics. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070545"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.126282","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on cascade reactions: A novel strategy to promote the efficient repair of diabetic wounds","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LP00092K","article-title":"Emerging stimuli-responsive hydrogels for enhancing chronic wound healing","volume":"4","author":"Yun","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Appl. Polym."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MH00289J","article-title":"ROS-responsive hydrogels: From design and additive manufacturing to biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03275-4","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels with ROS-triggered drug release enable the co-delivery of antibacterial agent and anti-inflammatory nanoparticle for periodontitis treatment","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads3398","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads3398","article-title":"An engineering-reinforced extracellular vesicle-integrated hydrogel with an ROS-responsive release pattern mitigates spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB00847K","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive biomaterials mediate tissue microenvironments and tissue regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, B. (2025). Regulation of Tissue Regeneration by Immune Microenvironment-Fibroblast Interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262411950"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-025-00059-1","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of metabolism, epigenetics, and their interplay","volume":"3","author":"Nam","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biomed. Innov."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103135","article-title":"Nanomedicine guiding mitochondrial function in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: Mechanisms, latest developments, and clinical translation","volume":"118","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02110","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502110","article-title":"Redox-Active Nanozymes in Metabolic Modulation for Precision Therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.10.005","article-title":"Fibroblast cluster formation on 3D collagen matrices requires cell contraction dependent fibronectin matrix organization","volume":"319","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732435","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732435","article-title":"From inflammatory activation to fibrotic remodeling: The central role of macrophage heterogeneity in frozen shoulder","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Xiao, Y., Guo, Z., Shi, Y., Tan, Q., Huang, Y., and Xie, H. (2023). Modulation of Macrophage Function by Bioactive Wound Dressings with an Emphasis on Extracellular Matrix-Based Scaffolds and Nanofibrous Composites. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030794"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01852-x","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of hydrogels for advanced therapeutic applications: Current achievements and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2017.0761","article-title":"Immune Regulation of Skin Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Targets","volume":"7","author":"Larouche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbae032","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbae032","article-title":"Biomaterials for immunomodulation in wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.017","article-title":"Sequential delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines to facilitate the M1-to-M2 transition of macrophages and enhance vascularization of bone scaffolds","volume":"37","author":"Spiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.09.027","article-title":"Controlled release of cytokines using silk-biomaterials for macrophage polarization","volume":"73","author":"Reeves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2504829","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504829","article-title":"Nanozyme-Reinforced Hydrogel Spray as a Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Oxygenator to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.97412","article-title":"An injectable magnesium-loaded hydrogel releases hydrogen to promote osteoporotic bone repair via ROS scavenging and immunomodulation","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91070-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment","volume":"11","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.05.006","article-title":"Recent advances of multifunctional zwitterionic polymers for biomedical application","volume":"181","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23125","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c02664","article-title":"Zwitterionic Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial and Antifouling Strategies toward Implantable Medical Devices and Drug Delivery","volume":"40","author":"Moayedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"323","article-title":"Exosome\/metformin-loaded self-healing conductive hydrogel rescues microvascular dysfunction and promotes chronic diabetic wound healing by inhibiting mitochondrial fission","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122558","article-title":"Exosome\/antimicrobial peptide laden hydrogel wound dressings promote scarless wound healing through miR-21-5p-mediated multiple functions","volume":"308","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1094","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1094","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings and skin wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8121","article-title":"Hesperetin promotes diabetic wound healing by inhibiting ferroptosis through the activation of SIRT3","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.97150","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles accelerate diabetic wound healing by inhibiting NET-induced ferroptosis of endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-082323-093537","article-title":"Dynamic Covalent Hydrogels for Wound Healing","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SM00621J","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded hydrogels promote skin wound healing","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404255","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404255","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"14","author":"Chhillar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200521","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200521","article-title":"Immunoregulation in Diabetic Wound Repair with a Photoenhanced Glycyrrhizic Acid Hydrogel Scaffold","volume":"34","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400150","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400150","article-title":"Inflammation-Responsive Hydrogel Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing through Immunoregulation and Enhanced Angiogenesis","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12719","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202512719","article-title":"Hydrogel-Based ROS-Regulating Strategy: Reprogramming the Oxidative Stress Imbalance in Advanced Diabetic Wound Repair","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101906","article-title":"Sr-MOF-based hydrogel promotes diabetic tissue regeneration through simultaneous antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair","volume":"58","author":"Werner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125727","article-title":"ROS-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel dressing accelerates diabetic wound healing through modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"678","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00672","article-title":"Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Activity Regulation, and Applications","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-025-03354-6","article-title":"Advances in oxygen-releasing matrices for regenerative engineering applications","volume":"63","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2406287","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406287","article-title":"An Engineered Hierarchical Hydrogel with Immune Responsiveness and Targeted Mitochondrial Transfer to Augmented Bone Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06537-z","article-title":"The power and potential of mitochondria transfer","volume":"623","author":"Borcherding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121439","article-title":"Role of molybdenum in material immunomodulation and periodontal wound healing: Targeting immunometabolism and mitochondrial function for macrophage modulation","volume":"283","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"64","article-title":"Regulating the proinflammatory response to composite biomaterials by targeting immunometabolism","volume":"40","author":"Maduka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111400","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i11.111400","article-title":"Crosstalk between oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways: Natural therapeutic approaches for diabetic wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2022.2032829","article-title":"Acceleration of wound healing by quercetin in diabetic rats requires mitigation of oxidative stress and stimulation of the proliferative phase","volume":"97","author":"Kant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S452216","article-title":"A Multifunctional Nanozyme Integrating Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Pro-Vascularity for Skin Wound Management","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10774","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202510774","article-title":"Multifunctional NIR-Triggered Nanozyme-Based Microneedles for Synergistic Eradication of MRSA and Enhanced Wound Healing","volume":"12","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S517671","article-title":"Nanozymes for Accelerating the Foot Wound Healing: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.07.065","article-title":"Nanozymes in infected wound therapy: Catalytic mechanisms, rational design and combination therapy","volume":"205","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1039\/D3BM00308F","article-title":"Silk fibroin-based piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds for rapid wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35890","article-title":"Gelatin\/chondroitin sulfate nanofibrous scaffolds for stimulation of wound healing: In-vitro and in-vivo study","volume":"105","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2025.2604691","article-title":"Polymicrobial biofilms: Biological insights and emerging directions in drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"Arasu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70218","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70218","article-title":"Polymicrobial Biofilms: Interkingdom Interactions, Resistance and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Nithyanand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.11.027","article-title":"A spatiotemporal release platform based on pH\/ROS stimuli-responsive hydrogel in wound repairing","volume":"341","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33584","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c09889","article-title":"Inflammation-Responsive Drug-Loaded Hydrogels with Sequential Hemostasis, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Behavior for Chronically Infected Diabetic Wound Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.002","article-title":"Microenvironment-responsive smart hydrogels with antibacterial activity and immune regulation for accelerating chronic wound healing","volume":"368","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0014225","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00142-25","article-title":"Host niche-specific challenges hindering the treatment of polymicrobial infections","volume":"207","author":"Black","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220025","DOI":"10.1002\/SMMD.20220025","article-title":"Emerging antibacterial nanozymes for wound healing","volume":"2","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mierke, C.T. (2024). Extracellular Matrix Cues Regulate Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction of Cancer Cells. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010096"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucariello, M., Valicenti, M.L., Giannoni, S., Donati, L., Armentano, I., Morena, F., and Martino, S. (2025). Mechanobiology in Action: Biomaterials, Devices, and the Cellular Machinery of Force Sensing. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15060848"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102729","article-title":"PEDOT:PSS in peripheral nerve injury repair: Electrical stimulation, neural interfaces, and neural regenerative mechanisms","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141awkowska, K., Pokrywczy\u0144ska, M., Koper, K., Kluth, L.A., Drewa, T., and Adamowicz, J. (2021). Application of Graphene in Tissue Engineering of the Nervous System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010033"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37477","article-title":"Targeting ferroptosis promotes diabetic wound healing via Nrf2 activation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02808-y","article-title":"Research progress on the role and mechanisms of ferroptosis in diabetic wound repair","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"240","article-title":"MMP-9 responsive hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by suppressing ferroptosis of endothelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03970-3","article-title":"Exosomes in nanomedicine: A promising cell-free therapeutic intervention in burn wounds","volume":"15","author":"Manzoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00902","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Promising Nanomedicine for Cutaneous Wound Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00634-4","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles as the Next Generation Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Hairuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1912210","article-title":"Exosome loaded genipin crosslinked hydrogel facilitates full thickness cutaneous wound healing in rat animal model","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70045","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.70045","article-title":"Exosome-Infused Scaffolding Systems in Chronic Wound Healing: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2024.12.010","article-title":"Platelet extracellular vesicles-loaded hydrogel bandages for personalized wound care","volume":"43","author":"Szunerits","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S518655","article-title":"Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Therapeutic Alternative for Diabetic Wound","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: Roles, opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S461342","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Promising Therapeutic Opportunities for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S512074","article-title":"Empagliflozin-Pretreated MSC-Derived Exosomes Enhance Angiogenesis and Wound Healing via PTEN\/AKT\/VEGF Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Q., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Cen, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Mechanisms and applications of adipose-derived stem cell-extracellular vesicles in the inflammation of wound healing. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1214757"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amengual-Tugores, A.M., R\u00e1ez-Meseguer, C., Forteza-Genestra, M.A., Monjo, M., and Ramis, J.M. (2023). Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044104"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05744-0","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles and apoptotic extracellular vesicles for wound healing and skin regeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5911","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S249129","article-title":"Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Combined Pluronic F127 Hydrogel Promote Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing and Complete Skin Regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12557","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S491471","article-title":"Pretreatment of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes with Quercetin Enhances the Healing of Diabetic Skin Wounds by Modulating Host-Microbiota Interactions","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01036","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202501036","article-title":"Neutrophil Macrophage Crosstalk via Extracellular Vesicles Drives Reverse Migration in a Fully Human Model of Wound Healing","volume":"12","author":"Babatunde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00500","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202500500","article-title":"M2-Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles-Functionalized Acellular Dermal Matrix as a New-Generation Immunoregulatory and Angio-Inductive Construct for Skin Tissue Engineering","volume":"26","author":"Yazicioglu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-026-00081-x","article-title":"A multi therapy bioelectronic wound dressing","volume":"3","author":"Schorger","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biomed. Innov."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301280","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301280","article-title":"A Miniaturized, Battery-Free, Wireless Wound Monitor That Predicts Wound Closure Rate Early","volume":"12","author":"Garland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.05.033","article-title":"A photothermal-enhanced thermoelectric nanosheet incorporated with zwitterionic hydrogels for wound repair and bioelectronics","volume":"200","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuehlmann, B., Bonham, C.A., Zucal, I., Prantl, L., and Gurtner, G.C. (2020). Mechanotransduction in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051423"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028410","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1028410","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in skin wound healing and scar formation: Potential therapeutic targets for controlling hypertrophic scarring","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Wang, S., Sun, J., and Lv, J. (2026). Dermal Fibroblast Senescence: The Central Hub of Skin Aging-From Intrinsic Dysfunction to Microenvironmental Remodeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041653"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200309","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200309","article-title":"Senescent cells and macrophages: Key players for regeneration?","volume":"10","author":"Elder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592596","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1592596","article-title":"Recent advances in dermal fibroblast senescence and skin aging: Unraveling mechanisms and pioneering therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Nan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35086","article-title":"A review of current advancements for wound healing: Biomaterial applications and medical devices","volume":"110","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"100706","article-title":"Advancements in characterization and preclinical applications of hyaluronic acid-based biomaterials for wound healing: A review","volume":"9","author":"Talebi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70908","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70908","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Synthetic Nanofiber Wound Matrix for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"23","author":"Qian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70100","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.70100","article-title":"Promising Biomarkers for Chronic Wound Healing: A Pilot Cohort Study on Wound Cytokines and a Novel Biofilm Detection Kit for Predicting 90-Day Outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.01091.x","article-title":"Appropriate use of silver dressings in wounds: International consensus document","volume":"9","author":"Leaper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2007.02264.x","article-title":"A systematic review of silver-releasing dressings in the management of infected chronic wounds","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"237","article-title":"Evidence for silver in wound care\u2014Meta-analysis of clinical studies from 2000\u20132015","volume":"228","author":"Dissemond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.011","article-title":"Antibacterial anti-oxidant electroactive injectable hydrogel as self-healing wound dressing with hemostasis and adhesiveness for cutaneous wound healing","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21210","article-title":"Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"97","author":"Boateng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-015-0022-9","article-title":"Wound dressings\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Dhivya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae084","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae084","article-title":"Hydrogel-based therapies for diabetic foot ulcers: Recent developments and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(95)70245-8","article-title":"Diabetic Ulcer Study Group. Clinical evaluation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of lower extremity diabetic ulcers","volume":"21","author":"Steed","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199209000-00001","article-title":"Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB for the treatment of chronic pressure ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Robson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12205","article-title":"Clinical application of growth factors and cytokines in wound healing","volume":"22","author":"Barrientos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00904","article-title":"GMSC-derived exosomes combined with a chitosan\/silk hydrogel sponge accelerates wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29766","article-title":"Engineering bioactive self-healing antibacterial exosomes hydrogel for promoting chronic diabetic wound healing and complete skin regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21234","article-title":"Exosomes from human umbilical cord blood accelerate cutaneous wound healing through miR-21-3p-mediated promotion of angiogenesis and fibroblast function","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1703509","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703509","article-title":"Smart Bandage for Monitoring and Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"2018","author":"Mostafalu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404580","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404580","article-title":"3D Printing-Based Hydrogel Dressings for Wound Healing","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Zhou, S., Qin, Y., Xia, X., Sun, Y., Han, G., Shu, T., Hu, L., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060630"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj0153","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj0153","article-title":"Sustained oxygenation accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting epithelialization and angiogenesis and decreasing inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.05.012","article-title":"Oxygen-Generating Biomaterials: A New, Viable Paradigm for Tissue Engineering?","volume":"34","author":"Gholipourmalekabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-003-7400-2","article-title":"Oxygen in wound healing\u2014More than a nutrient","volume":"28","author":"Tandara","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, O., and Orgill, D.P. (2024). An Overview of Recent Clinical Trials for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Therapies. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247655"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12929","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: Biological and therapeutic considerations","volume":"25","author":"Mangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A., Teixeira, C., Ferraz, R., Prud\u00eancio, C., and Gomes, P. (2017). Wound-healing peptides for treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers and other infected skin injuries. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101743"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00194","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: An emerging category of therapeutic agents","volume":"6","author":"Mahlapuu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31862","article-title":"Guided orientation of cardiomyocytes on electrospun aligned nanofibers for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"98","author":"Kai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","article-title":"Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: Methods, materials, and applications","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0439-1","article-title":"Electrospun PCL membranes incorporated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as antibacterial wound dressings","volume":"6","author":"Augustine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarpong, C., Larson, J.M., Oh, I., Devisetti, N., and Gupta, S. (2026). Advancements in Smart Wound Dressings: Leveraging Sensor Technology for Real-Time Wound Monitoring and Management. Plast. Surg., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503261440483"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:57:45Z","timestamp":1782781065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27135772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27135772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}