{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:54:38Z","timestamp":1791230078236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'universit\u00e0 e della ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and liposomes are nanoscale drug delivery systems extensively investigated in oncology for their ability to improve pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents. Liposomes are clinically validated synthetic nanocarriers characterized by high versatility, scalable production, and established regulatory approval; however, their performance is limited by tumor heterogeneity, vascular barriers, adverse effects and inefficient intracellular drug release. EVs are naturally derived nanoparticles involved in intercellular communication and exhibit intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and biological targeting potential; yet their translation is constrained by heterogeneity, limited loading capacity, and manufacturing challenges. Different studies indicate complementary advantages between both systems, with EVs favoring biological targeting and immune modulation and liposomes enabling controlled formulation and pharmacokinetic optimization. These features have driven the development of hybrid EV\u2013liposome nanovesicles, which integrate synthetic and biological properties to enhance tumor targeting, therapeutic efficacy, and payload diversity, including drugs, nucleic acids, and gene-editing systems. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges remain in scalability, standardization, and mechanistic understanding of in vivo behaviour. Overall, these hybrid strategies represent a promising platform for next-generation precision nanomedicine in cancer therapy and for advancing clinical translation by addressing key limitations of current delivery systems and improving therapeutic index and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"5795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles, Liposomes, and Hybrid Nanovesicles: Comparative Strategies for Targeted Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Brossa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6621-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2704-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ceccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enza","family":"Di Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ferrauto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3663-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"Bussolati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzowska, J., Kowalski, S., Schachta, I., Pieku\u015b-S\u0142omka, N., and S\u0142omka, A. (2026). Connecting the Dots: Milestones in the History of Extracellular Vesicle Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052470"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraczek, W., Szmidt, M., Kregielewski, K., and Grodzik, M. (2025). Liposomes and extracellular vesicles as distinct paths toward precision glioma treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146775"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.037","article-title":"Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications","volume":"65","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S68861","article-title":"Liposomes as nanomedical devices","volume":"10","author":"Bozzuto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00046","article-title":"New developments in liposomal drug delivery","volume":"115","author":"Pattni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jipouri, A., Almurisi, S.H., Al-Japairai, K., Bakar, L.M., and Doolaanea, A.A. (2023). Liposomes or extracellular vesicles: A comprehensive comparison of both lipid bilayer vesicles for pulmonary drug delivery. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020318"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.02.006","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery","volume":"106","author":"Vader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.12.009","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for personalized medicine: The input of physically triggered production, loading and theranostic properties","volume":"138","author":"Piffoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karmacharya, M., Kumar, S., and Cho, Y.K. (2023). Tuning the Extracellular Vesicles Membrane through Fusion for Biomedical Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020117"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A., Yang, G., Liu, Y., and Liu, T. (2022). Research progress in membrane fusion-based hybrid exosomes for drug delivery systems. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.939441"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1632","article-title":"Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers","volume":"4","author":"Torchilin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2026.2619919","article-title":"Liposomes as versatile drug delivery vehicles: Emerging trends, technological innovations and future perspectives","volume":"36","author":"Michael","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vagena, I.-A., Malapani, C., Gatou, M.-A., Lagopati, N., and Pavlatou, E.A. (2025). Enhancement of EPR effect for passive tumor targeting: Current status and future perspectives. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063189"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2025.214636","article-title":"Enhanced permeability and retention effect: Advances in nanomedicine for improved tumor targeting","volume":"181","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106688","article-title":"Recent advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100600848769","article-title":"Pros and cons of the liposome platform in cancer drug targeting","volume":"16","author":"Gabizon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00602-1","article-title":"Applications of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in cancer therapy: Current advances and prospects","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.139","article-title":"Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3330","article-title":"Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery","volume":"33","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.14","article-title":"Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours","volume":"1","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2019.1627174","article-title":"PEGylated liposomes: Immunological responses","volume":"20","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions","volume":"4","author":"Siljander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01074-2","article-title":"Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in cancer\u2014Therapeutic and diagnostic potential","volume":"22","author":"Greening","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100639","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100639","article-title":"Liposomes and extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: A comparison of composition, pharmacokinetics, and functionalization","volume":"11","author":"Gandek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70017","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70017","article-title":"Mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake and implications for the design of cancer therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"Flemming","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115461","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles versus lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of nucleic acids","volume":"215","author":"Bader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-024-00699-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems in therapeutics: Current strategies and future challenges","volume":"54","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00858-8","article-title":"Key principles and methods for studying the endocytosis of biological and nanoparticle therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Rennick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.26","article-title":"Breaking free: Endocytosis and endosomal escape of extracellular vesicles","volume":"4","author":"Ribovski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17254","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR06437C","article-title":"An apolipoprotein-enriched biomolecular corona switches the cellular uptake mechanism and trafficking pathway of lipid nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Digiacomo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12140","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12140","article-title":"Formation of a protein corona on the surface of extracellular vesicles in blood plasma","volume":"10","author":"Visnovitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63726-2","article-title":"Protein corona formed on lipid nanoparticles compromises delivery efficiency of mRNA cargo","volume":"16","author":"Voke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.20.2.313","article-title":"Yolk protein uptake in the oocyte of the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"20","author":"Roth","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3151","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"12","author":"McMahon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.08.017","article-title":"Endocytosis by random initiation and stabilization of clathrin-coated pits","volume":"118","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24641","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.24641","article-title":"Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake","volume":"3","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300319","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300319","article-title":"A comparison of cellular uptake mechanisms, delivery efficacy, and intracellular fate between liposomes and extracellular vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Gandek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34958-3","article-title":"The molecular organization of differentially curved caveolae indicates bendable structural units at the plasma membrane","volume":"13","author":"Matthaeus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stea, D.M., and D\u2019Alessio, A. (2025). Caveolae: Metabolic platforms at the crossroads of health and disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072918"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessio, A. (2023). Unraveling the cave: A seventy-year journey into the caveolar network, cellular signaling, and human disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1924.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180157","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0157","article-title":"Macropinosomes as units of signal transduction","volume":"374","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.100993","article-title":"Revealing macropinocytosis using nanoparticles","volume":"83","author":"Means","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.09.019","article-title":"Cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles is mediated by clathrin-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis","volume":"266","author":"Schiffelers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.08.040","article-title":"Comparison of exosome-mimicking liposomes with conventional liposomes for intracellular delivery of siRNA","volume":"550","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12212","article-title":"Phagocytosis: Receptors, signal integration, and the cytoskeleton","volume":"262","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.036","article-title":"The cytoskeleton in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis","volume":"31","author":"Mylvaganam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2023.102712","article-title":"Liposomes\u2013human phagocytes interplay in whole blood: Effect of liposome design","volume":"54","author":"Giambelluca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01201-6","article-title":"Recent advances in extracellular vesicles for therapeutic cargo delivery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122616","article-title":"Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions","volume":"346","author":"Paramshetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-022-00233-1","article-title":"Mechanism of membrane fusion: Interplay of lipid and peptide","volume":"255","author":"Joardar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01785-0","article-title":"Direct cytosolic delivery of siRNA via cell membrane fusion using cholesterol-enriched exosomes","volume":"19","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.008","article-title":"Engineering poly- and micelleplexes for nucleic acid delivery\u2014A reflection on their endosomal escape","volume":"353","author":"Winkeljann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104070","article-title":"Endolysosomal trapping of therapeutics and endosomal escape strategies","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.08.034","article-title":"Intact Doxil is taken up intracellularly and released doxorubicin sequesters in the lysosome: Evaluated by in vitro\/in vivo live cell imaging","volume":"172","author":"Seynhaeve","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2024.19","article-title":"Endosomal escape mechanisms of extracellular vesicle-based drug carriers: Lessons for lipid nanoparticle design","volume":"5","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118081","article-title":"Comparative effects of extracellular vesicles and liposomal nanocarriers on bleomycin-induced stress in A549 human adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"187","author":"Conlon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06612-9","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from the microalga Tetraselmis chuii are biocompatible and exhibit unique bone tropism along with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"7","author":"Adamo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22341","article-title":"Exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer","volume":"546","author":"Kamerkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28193","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c04604","article-title":"Targeted ferroptosis-immunotherapy synergy: Enhanced antiglioma efficacy with hybrid nanovesicles comprising NK cell-derived exosomes and RSL3-loaded liposomes","volume":"16","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16770","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03456","article-title":"Sequential targeting hybrid nanovesicles composed of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-derived exosomes and liposomes for enhanced cancer immunochemotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02053","article-title":"Modification of extracellular vesicles by fusion with liposomes for the design of personalized biogenic drug delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Piffoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216220","article-title":"Advances in lipid-based carriers for cancer therapeutics: Liposomes, exosomes and hybrid exosomes","volume":"565","author":"Moholkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118802","article-title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles with synthetic lipids via membrane fusion to establish efficient gene delivery","volume":"573","author":"Jhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700611","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700611","article-title":"Exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticles deliver CRISPR\/Cas9 system in MSCs","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12410","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c13123","article-title":"Programmable RNA loading of extracellular vesicles with toehold-release purification","volume":"146","author":"Malle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.115317","article-title":"Advances in hybrid exosome-liposome nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy","volume":"259","author":"Dou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.39434","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived exosomes home to their cells of origin and can be used as Trojan horses to deliver cancer drugs","volume":"10","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c00658","article-title":"Hybrid nanoparticles of extracellular vesicles and gemcitabine prodrug-loaded liposomes with enhanced targeting ability for effective PDAC treatment","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402673","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402673","article-title":"YIGSR-functionalized hybrid exosomes spatially target dasatinib to laminin receptors for precision therapy in breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.033","article-title":"Targeted delivery of hybrid nanovesicles for enhanced brain penetration to achieve synergistic therapy of glioma","volume":"365","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01845-5","article-title":"Bortezomib-loaded hybrid liposome inducing pyroptosis for targeted therapy against colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.109942","article-title":"Construction of biomimetic hybrid nanovesicles based on M1 macrophage-derived exosomes for therapy of cancer","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR07622H","article-title":"Exosome-mediated delivery of gene vectors for gene therapy","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2401495","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401495","article-title":"Biointerface-engineered hybrid nanovesicles for targeted reprogramming of tumor microenvironment","volume":"36","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16652","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR02191F","article-title":"Maximizing liposome tumor delivery by hybridizing with tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"16","author":"Sulthana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42658","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c16991","article-title":"Optimizing exosome lipid hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced siRNA delivery and improved therapeutic anticancer efficacy in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Tandiono","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120564","article-title":"Depletion of glioma stem cells by synergistic inhibition of mTOR and c-Myc with a biological camouflaged cascade brain-targeting nanosystem","volume":"268","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120964","article-title":"Gene-engineered exosomes-thermosensitive liposomes hybrid nanovesicles by blockade of CD47 signal for combined photothermal therapy and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"275","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01264-5","article-title":"Exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticle codelivery of TP and miR497 overcomes chemoresistant ovarian cancer","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.117485","article-title":"Exosome\/liposome hybrid nanovesicles for enhanced phototherapy and boosted anti-tumor immunity against melanoma","volume":"289","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100845","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle hybrid plasmid-loaded lipid nanovesicles for synergistic cancer immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AN01600E","article-title":"Liposome-exosome hybrids for in situ detection of exosomal miR-1246 in breast cancer","volume":"149","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11838","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03050","article-title":"Therapeutic m6A eraser ALKBH5 mRNA-loaded exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticles inhibit progression of colorectal cancer in preclinical tumor models","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114258","article-title":"Engineering of exosome-liposome hybrid-based theranostic nanomedicines for NIR-II imaging-guided photothermal therapy of glioblastoma","volume":"245","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01378-9","article-title":"Thermoresponsive M1 macrophage-derived hybrid nanovesicles for improved in vivo tumor targeting","volume":"13","author":"Barone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202825","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202825","article-title":"Hybrid extracellular vesicle\u2013liposome camouflaged magnetic vesicles cooperating with bioorthogonal click chemistry for high-efficient melanoma circulating tumor cell enrichment","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12510","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12510","article-title":"A critical systematic review of extracellular vesicle clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Mizenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Cui, Q., Zheng, H., Ma, Y., Kang, Y., and Tang, K. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities for Extracellular Vesicles in Clinical Oncology Therapy. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030325"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01055-0","article-title":"Exosomes: A review of biologic function, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications, and clinical trials","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5795\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1783398242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27135795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27135795","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}