{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:49:14Z","timestamp":1792403354621,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Interest Research Project","award":["20204YRYS5_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204YRYS5_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems as they can accumulate in aquatic organisms, interfering with essential physiological processes including reproduction. This study analyzed the effects of short-term exposure (48 h) to two concentrations (0.5 and 1 \u00b5g\/mL) of 5 \u00b5m diameter polystyrene microplastic bead particles in female Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels, a bioindicator species of the Mediterranean Sea. Histological analyses revealed progressive oocyte degeneration and the development of hypertrophic PAS-positive mucous cells, indicative of a stress response, in a dose-dependent manner. Changes in hemocyte classes, which are major effectors of bivalve immunity, were evidenced by the May\u2013Gr\u00fcnwald Giemsa reaction. Biochemical data showed that microplastics increased levels of stress proteins, such as HSP70 and p53, and altered the composition of ovarian glycoproteins. Metabolomic analysis based on 1H NMR spectrometry revealed significant alterations in metabolites involved in energy (glucose, glycogen, and malonate) and amino acid (branched-chain amino acids arginine, glycine, glutamate, histidine, betaine, and choline) metabolism, suggesting impairment to bioenergetic and antioxidant pathways. Overall, these results suggest that even short-term exposure to polystyrene microplastic beads can alter the ovarian function and metabolism of female M. galloprovincialis, highlighting their vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"5817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure Adversely Affects Oocyte Quality and Ovary Health Status in Mytilus galloprovincialis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Chianese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Galati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Maisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Balsamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Locascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca \u201cAmbiente\u201d (CIRAM), University Federico II, 80135 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8186-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Scudiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini, G., Castiglia, D., Perrotta, M.M., Landi, S., Maisto, G., and Esposito, S. 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