{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:48:48Z","timestamp":1791607728026,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-13-00422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-13-00422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25-13-00422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-13-00422"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Donor\u2013acceptor (D\u2013A) molecular systems are gaining increasing attention in cancer imaging and phototherapy due to their tunable optical properties and high photosensitizing efficiency. Encapsulation of such D\u2013A molecules in nano-sized polymeric carriers can enhance the efficiency of antitumor therapy by passive tumor accumulation and controlled drug release. Here, we synthesized two D\u2013A molecules\u2014TTDCV and TTInd\u2014based on triphenylamine with thiophene \u03c0-spacers and electron-withdrawing dicyanovinyl or indene-1,3-dione moieties. These molecules were used to preparate nanoparticles (NPs) via nanoprecipitation with amphiphilic polymers\u2014poly(ethylene glycol)-block polylactide methyl ether (PEG-b-PLA) and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (PEO-PPO-PEO, Pluronic\u00ae F-127). The resulting NPs had spherical morphology, core\u2013shell structure and a tunable mean size (66\u2013139 nm), depending on the polymer type used. Photothermal and photodynamic properties of the NPs were confirmed by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and efficient heating even under 530 nm low dose irradiation (1 J\/cm2), leading to substantial in vitro cytotoxicity against Sk-Br-3 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Pluronic-encapsulated systems showed the strongest effect, reducing IC50 values down to 0.99 \u00b5g\/mL and achieving phototoxicity indices up to 22, accompanied by increased intracellular accumulation studied by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. This study establishes relationships between molecular design, encapsulation approaches, and the biological performance of nanoparticles, enabling the rational engineering of D\u2013A-derived nanotherapeutics for precision cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"5863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Polymer Encapsulation in Optimizing Donor\u2013Acceptor Organic Nanoparticles for Efficient Cancer Phototherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yulia A.","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry O.","family":"Balakirev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia A.","family":"Vetyugova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim E.","family":"Stepanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Technology and Information Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya St. 29\/7, Building 1, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-8302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Khitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita S.","family":"Saratovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Zolotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana V.","family":"Egorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"},{"name":"Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina A.","family":"Demina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-8114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman A.","family":"Akasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"},{"name":"Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy N.","family":"Luponosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01856-7","article-title":"Exploring treatment options in cancer: Tumor treatment strategies","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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