{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T01:45:14Z","timestamp":1782870314515,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)\u2014Finance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing is a fundamental biological process essential to maintaining structural integrity and survival across both plant and animal life. Despite the profound evolutionary distance separating these kingdoms, wound healing provides one of those momentous occasions when these biological universes collide, revealing significant evolutionary parallels in the core mechanisms of healing, despite clear molecular and physiological differences. However, two challenges have hindered systematic cross-kingdom comparisons. First, unlike animal wound healing, the major phases of plant wound healing have not been organized into a universally accepted classification. Second, no comparative framework exists for systematically comparing wound-healing processes across plant and animal kingdoms. To address these challenges, we developed a comparative classification framework that organizes wound healing into three functional phases: (1) bioelectrical signaling, (2) immune responses, and (3) tissue formation and remodeling. This classification defines the major phases of plant wound healing, while the comparative framework establishes a common basis for systematic cross-kingdom comparison. Through comparative analysis, multiple shared cellular and molecular mechanisms were identified. These findings led to a conceptual model termed the hybrid-wound healing system, integrating plant- and animal-derived regenerative responses and providing a theoretical basis for future bioinspired regenerative strategies. Within this system, living plant stem cells are proposed as central biological components that may potentially act as intelligent pharmaceutical microfactories, releasing bioactive molecules in suitable microenvironments. This approach represents a hypothetical future strategy requiring extensive preclinical validation to strategies based on extracts, conditioned media, extracellular vesicles, or isolated bioactive compounds. Collectively, this descriptive review establishes a conceptual foundation for future investigations in plant biology, wound healing, and regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"5899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Wound Healing Processes in Plants and Animals: Bioinspired Strategies for Advancing Regenerative Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Najafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Laboratory for Skin Studies and Alternative Models, Dermatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3744-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Aparecida","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Laboratory for Skin Studies and Alternative Models, Dermatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Rocha","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Laboratory for Skin Studies and Alternative Models, Dermatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7316-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio","family":"Fronza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, Vila Velha University-UVV, Vila Velha 29102-920, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carem Gledes Vargas","family":"Rechia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Andrey Cipriani","family":"Frade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Laboratory for Skin Studies and Alternative Models, Dermatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decoding Wound Healing: Cellular Insights and Technological Advances","volume":"3","author":"Galvin","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biomed. Innov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731791","article-title":"Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"35","author":"Almadani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boleti, A.P.d.A., Jacobowski, A.C., Frihling, B.E.F., Cruz, M.V., Santos, K.F.D.P., Migliolo, L., de Andrade, L.R.M., and Macedo, M.L.R. (2025). Wound Healing: Molecular Mechanisms, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Emerging Technologies in Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101525"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm049801","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049801","article-title":"Parallel Repair Mechanisms in Plants and Animals","volume":"16","author":"Byatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, R.D. (2026). Biology of Tissue Healing and Wound Repair. Regenerative Medicine in Pain Practice, Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-22644-0_2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, S.E., Riaz, F., Li, Y., Zhao, X., and Pan, F. (2026). Immunomodulatory Roles of Regulatory T Cells in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1737438"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., and Seo, P.J. (2022). Wound-Induced Systemic Responses and Their Coordination by Electrical Signals. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.880680"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"H\u00f6rmayer, L. (2021). Wound Healing in the Arabidopsis Root Meristem. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Science and Technology Austria]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.134668","article-title":"Plant Regeneration: Cellular Origins and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.08.008","article-title":"The Development of the Periderm: The Final Frontier between a Plant and Its Environment","volume":"53","author":"Campilho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba1453","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aba1453","article-title":"Two Glutamate- and pH-Regulated Ca2+ Channels Are Required for Systemic Wound Signaling in Arabidopsis","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7744","article-title":"Glutamate Triggers Long-Distance, Calcium-Based Plant Defense Signaling","volume":"361","author":"Toyota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102270","article-title":"Integration of Long-Range Signals in Plants: A Model for Wound-Induced Ca2+, Electrical, ROS, and Glutamate Waves","volume":"69","author":"Suda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad433","article-title":"Rapid Systemic Responses of Arabidopsis to Waterlogging Stress","volume":"193","author":"Tukuli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S468396","article-title":"Exploring Thermal Dynamics in Wound Healing: The Impact of Temperature and Microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18087","article-title":"Plant Responses to Multifactorial Stress Combination","volume":"234","author":"Zandalinas","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"196","article-title":"At the Roots of Plant Neurobiology: A Brief History of the Biophysical Research of J.C. Bose","volume":"78","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Cult."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wound Signalling in Plants","volume":"52","author":"Rojo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.06.042","article-title":"Occurrence, Function and Potential Medicinal Applications of the Phytohormone Abscisic Acid in Animals and Humans","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fyab009","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyab009","article-title":"Melatonin in Plants: What We Know and What We Don\u2019t","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08182","article-title":"Plant Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinases","volume":"35","author":"Flinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Qiu, L., Zhu, Y., Luo, L., Han, X., Man, M., Li, F., Ren, M., and Xing, Y. (2023). Comparisons between Plant and Animal Stem Cells Regarding Regeneration Potential and Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054392"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2011.01544.x","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Plants: A Brief Overview","volume":"145","author":"Marino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6722-3_9","article-title":"Monitoring Vascular Regeneration and Xylem Connectivity in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"1544","author":"Melnyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.538","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Wound Responses in Animals and Plants","volume":"53","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.054460","article-title":"Effects of Feeding Spodoptera Littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. II. Continuous Mechanical Wounding Resembling Insect Feeding Is Sufficient to Elicit Herbivory-Related Volatile Emission","volume":"137","author":"Wanner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07219-w","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Wound Healing","volume":"7","author":"Hunt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab157","article-title":"Vascular and Nonvascular Transmission of Systemic Reactive Oxygen Signals During Wounding and Heat Stress","volume":"186","author":"Zandalinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.113.114595","article-title":"Temporal-Spatial Interaction Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Abscisic Acid Regulates Rapid Systemic Acclimation in Plants","volume":"25","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac241","article-title":"HPCA1 Is Required for Systemic Reactive Oxygen Species and Calcium Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Plant Acclimation to Stress","volume":"34","author":"Fichman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.10.003","article-title":"Rapid Responses to Abiotic Stress: Priming the Landscape for the Signal Transduction Network","volume":"24","author":"Kollist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6475","article-title":"Glutamate Signaling in Benign and Malignant Disorders: Current Status, Future Perspectives, and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"9","author":"Willard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beneloujaephajri, E., Costa, A., Haridon, F., Metraux, J.-P., and Binda, M. (2013). Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Wound-Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Against Botrytis cinerea Are Preceded and Depend on a Burst of Calcium. BMC Plant Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-13-160"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonsignore, G., Martinotti, S., and Ranzato, E. (2024). Wound Repair and Ca2+ Signalling Interplay: The Role of Ca2+ Channels in Skin. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13060491"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2023.32.5.302","article-title":"Wound pH and Temperature as Predictors of Healing: An Observational Study","volume":"32","author":"Derwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Nerli, E., Duclut, C., Vishen, S.A., Berbee, N., Kaufmann, S., Ponce, C., Arrenberg, B.A., J\u00fclicher, F., and Mateus, R. (2025). Injury-Induced Electrochemical Coupling Triggers Regenerative Cell Proliferation. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2025.04.03.647033.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.03.647033"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.058","article-title":"Calcium Flashes Orchestrate the Wound Inflammatory Response Through DUOX Activation and Hydrogen Peroxide Release","volume":"23","author":"Razzell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0319","article-title":"Oxygen: Implications for Wound Healing","volume":"1","author":"Castilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345413","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2024.2345413","article-title":"The \u201cPlant Neurobiology\u201d Revolution","volume":"19","author":"Minorsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737450","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2020.1737450","article-title":"New Insights on Neurotransmitters Signaling Mechanisms in Plants","volume":"15","author":"Akula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1479","article-title":"Intracellular Signaling Dynamics and Their Role in Coordinating Tissue Repair","volume":"12","author":"Ghilardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.178","article-title":"Wound Healing Across the Animal Kingdom: Crosstalk Between the Immune System and the Extracellular Matrix","volume":"249","author":"Sabin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab508","article-title":"Roles of the Wound Hormone Jasmonate in Plant Regeneration","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.10.005","article-title":"Jasmonic Acid Transport in Wound-Induced Systemic Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0408-x","article-title":"Jasmonate-Mediated Wound Signalling Promotes Plant Regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.016097","article-title":"An Arabidopsis Callose Synthase, GSL5, Is Required for Wound and Papillary Callose Formation","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Liu, N., Yang, R., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Prusky, D., Bi, Y., and Han, Y. (2024). Essential Role of ABA Signaling and Related Transcription Factors in Phenolic Acid and Lignin Synthesis during Muskmelon Wound Healing. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1404477"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcx114","article-title":"Melatonin and Its Relationship to Plant Hormones","volume":"121","author":"Arnao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83361","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83361","article-title":"Why Did Glutamate, GABA, and Melatonin Become Intercellular Signalling Molecules in Plants?","volume":"12","author":"Caspi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4682","article-title":"Melatonin Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing in Vitro by Regulating Keratinocyte Activity","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12929","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides and Wound Healing: Biological and Therapeutic Considerations","volume":"25","author":"Mangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.07.003","article-title":"Plant Hormones: Key Players in Gut Microbiota and Human Diseases?","volume":"22","author":"Chanclud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202004003","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202004003","article-title":"The Cell Biology of Inflammation: From Common Traits to Remarkable Immunological Adaptations","volume":"219","author":"Weavers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, H., Arbab, S., Tian, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Li, Q., and Li, K. (2024). Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immune System and Its Response to Traumatic Injury. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1413485"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000339613","article-title":"Wound Repair and Regeneration","volume":"49","author":"Reinke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bagchi, D., Das, A., and Roy, S. (2020). Chapter 11\u2014Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Wound Healing. Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration in Diabetes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scopelliti, F., Cattani, C., Dimartino, V., Mirisola, C., and Cavani, A. (2022). Platelet Derivatives and the Immunomodulation of Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158370"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"24","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Antiaging Skin Care Regimen Containing Neutraceuticals and Growth Factors on the Facial Skin of Women: A 12-Week Open-Label Study","volume":"13","author":"Sadowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-016-0064-6","article-title":"Skin Appendage-Derived Stem Cells: Cell Biology and Potential for Wound Repair","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R287","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00185.2020","article-title":"The Complex Role of Prostaglandin E2-EP Receptor Signaling in Wound Healing","volume":"320","author":"Gilman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70369","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70369","article-title":"The Impact of Chronic Wound Exudate on the Patient, Clinician and Payer: Addressing the Challenges with Foam Dressings","volume":"22","author":"Mervis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-080620-104948","article-title":"A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond","volume":"72","author":"Duxbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku\u0107ko, A., Walczak, A., Wilmowicz, E., Wolski, B., and Wiktorska, K. (2025). Allies or Enemies? The Power of Plant Hormones in Animals: Insights into Their Regulatory Roles. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30142984"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.7.381","article-title":"Measurement of pH, Exudate Composition and Temperature in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocagoz, T., Temur, B.Z., Unubol, N., Elmas, M.A., Kanlidere, Z., Cilingir, S., Acar, D., Boskan, G., Deveci, S.A., and Aybakan, E. (2025). Protease-Resistant, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides with High Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020242"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.04.040","article-title":"Peptide REF1 Is a Local Wound Signal Promoting Plant Regeneration","volume":"187","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.06.005","article-title":"Wound Healing Activity of the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL37","volume":"32","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2025.04.013","article-title":"New Insights into Plant Cell Wall Functions","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13911","article-title":"Cell Wall Remodeling during Plant Regeneration","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01015-8","article-title":"Pluripotency Acquisition in the Middle Cell Layer of Callus Is Required for Organ Regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2023.111950","article-title":"Trees Need Closure Too: Wound-Induced Secondary Vascular Tissue Regeneration","volume":"339","author":"Karunarathne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab510","article-title":"Wound-Inducible WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 13 Is Required for Callus Growth and Organ Reconnection","volume":"188","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15184","article-title":"Plant Stem Cell Research Is Uncovering the Secrets of Longevity and Persistent Growth","volume":"106","author":"Umeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-014-2142-y","article-title":"Overgrowth of Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) Stumps with Regenerative Tissue as an Example of Cell Ordering and Tissue Reorganization","volume":"240","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19456","article-title":"A Resilient Bunch: Stem Cell Antiviral Immunity in Plants","volume":"241","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2581-2","article-title":"Plant Regeneration in the New Era: From Molecular Mechanisms to Biotechnology Applications","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12791","article-title":"Cytokinin Signalling Inhibitory Fields Provide Robustness to Phyllotaxis","volume":"505","author":"Besnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.006","article-title":"A Jasmonate Signaling Network Activates Root Stem Cells and Promotes Regeneration","volume":"177","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102510","article-title":"Tipping the Balance: The Dynamics of Stem Cell Maintenance and Stress Responses in Plant Meristems","volume":"78","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2511087122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2511087122","article-title":"Auxin Transport Positions Stem Cells in the Vascular Cambium during Normal Development and Regeneration","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf137","article-title":"Developmental Stages and Fine Structure of Surface Callus Formed After Debarking of Living Lime Trees (Tilia sp.)","volume":"89","author":"Stobbe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16446","article-title":"Auxin Canalization and Vascular Tissue Formation by TIR1\/AFB-mediated Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis","volume":"226","author":"Mazur","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev185710","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.185710","article-title":"A Coherent Feed-Forward Loop Drives Vascular Regeneration in Damaged Aerial Organs of Plants Growing in a Normal Developmental Context","volume":"147","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, H., and Kawaguchi, M. (2018). Spatial Regularity Control of Phyllotaxis Pattern Generated by the Mutual Interaction Between Auxin and PIN1. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006065"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.04047.x","article-title":"Abscisic Acid Mediates the Formation of a Suberized Stem Scar Tissue in Tomato Fruits","volume":"194","author":"Leide","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1139\/b02-017","article-title":"Demystifying Suberin","volume":"80","author":"Bernards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Appezzato-da-Gloria, B. (2012). Anatomia Vegetal, UFV."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-021-01892-3","article-title":"Importance of Suberin Biopolymer in Plant Function, Contributions to Soil Organic Carbon and in the Production of Bio-Derived Energy and Materials","volume":"14","author":"Sparks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.11.018","article-title":"Proteomics Analysis to Understand the ABA Stimulation of Wound Suberization in Kiwifruit","volume":"173","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Jin, Y., Ding, Z., Nuch, K.S., Han, M., Shim, J., Chien, P.N., and Heo, C.Y. (2025). Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Repair: From Biology to Therapeutic Innovation. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231850"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2018.01.002","article-title":"Role of Integrins in Wound Repair and Its Periodontal Implications","volume":"8","author":"Jakhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardakostas, D., Moustogiannis, A., Garoufalia, Z., Karatza, E., Philippou, A., Kouraklis, G., Koutsilieris, M., and Mantas, D. (2025). Expression of Tissue Remodeling- and Inflammation-Related Factors During the Wound-Healing Process in Humans. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15010014"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892031","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/892031","article-title":"Skin Regeneration, Repair, and Reconstruction","volume":"2015","author":"Kamolz","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Sharma, C.P. (2021). Chapter 1\u2014Tissue and Organ Regeneration: An Introduction. Regenerated Organs, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Atala, A., Lanza, R., Mikos, T., and Nerem, R. (2018). Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"8","article-title":"Tiny Jellyfish Contribute to Elucidating Regeneration","volume":"32","author":"Carmichael","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc. Today"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-018-0161-2","article-title":"Tissue Repair and Epimorphic Regeneration: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Londono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102858","article-title":"Limb Blastema Formation: How Much Do We Know at a Genetic and Epigenetic Level?","volume":"299","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.03.012","article-title":"Signaling Networks Organizing Regenerative Growth of the Zebrafish Fin","volume":"31","author":"Wehner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeo, M., and Ito, M. (2017). Blastema Formation in Mammalian Digit-Tip Regeneration. Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315120188-25"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.26496\/bjz.2012.134","article-title":"Observations on FGF Immunoreactivity in the Regenerating Tail Blastema, and in the Limb and Tail Scars of Lizard Suggest That FGFs Are Required for Regeneration","volume":"142","author":"Alibardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Belg. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bapat, V.A., Kavi Kishor, P.B., Jalaja, N., Jain, S.M., and Penna, S. (2023). Plant Cell Cultures: Biofactories for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13030858"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2264","article-title":"An Isoform of Dicer Protects Mammalian Stem Cells against Multiple RNA Viruses","volume":"373","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2018.12.001","article-title":"Stem Cell Niche: Dynamic Neighbor of Stem Cells","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118932","article-title":"Stem Cells and Growth Factors-Based Delivery Approaches for Chronic Wound Repair and Regeneration: A Promise to Heal from Within","volume":"268","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0387-5","article-title":"A New Nanoscale Transdermal Drug Delivery System: Oil Body-Linked Oleosin-hEGF Improves Skin Regeneration to Accelerate Wound Healing","volume":"16","author":"Qiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0517","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in the Regulation of Cutaneous Wound Repair","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MR0316-102R","article-title":"Angiogenesis and Wound Repair: When Enough Is Enough","volume":"100","author":"DiPietro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.150463","article-title":"Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Chitosan\/PVA\/AEAPTS-Modified Bentonite Clay Hydrogels for Enhanced Angiogenesis and Rapid Wound Healing","volume":"344","author":"Ghauri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a041225","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041225","article-title":"Angiogenesis in Wound Repair: Too Much of a Good Thing?","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2010.15.Sup1.46907","article-title":"Managing Wound Exudate and Promoting Healing","volume":"15","author":"Adderley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Community Nurs."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20417314231185848","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314231185848","article-title":"New Insights into Balancing Wound Healing and Scarless Skin Repair","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, R. (2018). Recent Advances in Scar Biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061749"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, W., Yang, C.E., Roh, T.S., Kim, J.H., Lee, J.H., and Lee, W.J. (2017). Scar Prevention and Enhanced Wound Healing Induced by Polydeoxyribonucleotide in a Rat Incisional Wound-Healing Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081698"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1980","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202999109","article-title":"Sieve element occlusion (SEO) Genes Encode Structural Phloem Proteins Involved in Wound Sealing of the Phloem","volume":"109","author":"Ernst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavolone, L., and Lionetti, V. (2017). Extracellular Matrix in Plants and Animals: Hooks and Locks for Viruses. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01760"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral-Pacheco, G.A., Garza-Veloz, I., Castruita-De la Rosa, C., Ramirez-Acu\u00f1a, J.M., Perez-Romero, B.A., Guerrero-Rodriguez, J.F., Martinez-Avila, N., and Martinez-Fierro, M.L. (2020). The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249739"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148990","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases: Master Regulators of Tissue Morphogenesis","volume":"933","author":"Sreesada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2018.06.021","article-title":"Stem Cells and Plant Regeneration","volume":"442","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.144279","article-title":"Trends in Tissue Repair and Regeneration","volume":"144","author":"Galliot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.113.116053","article-title":"Plant Callus: Mechanisms of Induction and Repression","volume":"25","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"tkaa002","article-title":"Application of Stem Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulawska-Czub, A., Pieczonka, T.D., Mazurek, P., and Kobielak, K. (2021). The Potential of Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells in Skin, Nail and Digit Tips Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062864"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, M. (2014). Regenerative Endodontics: Regeneration or Repair?. The Dental Pulp: Biology, Pathology, and Regenerative Therapies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55160-4"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04609-7","article-title":"The Regenerative Journey: Exploring Stem Cell Roles from Injury Detection to Tissue Repair","volume":"16","author":"Sharifi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18487","article-title":"Systemic Control of Plant Regeneration and Wound Repair","volume":"237","author":"Omary","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler, S.E.B. (2017). Nature\u2019s Electric Potential: A Systematic Review of the Role of Bioelectricity in Wound Healing and Regenerative Processes in Animals, Humans, and Plants. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00627"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2010.12.004","article-title":"Regeneration in Plants and Animals: Dedifferentiation, Transdifferentiation, or Just Differentiation?","volume":"21","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.040","article-title":"Slicing across Kingdoms: Regeneration in Plants and Animals","volume":"132","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6616","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.57701","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Loaded Exosome Enhances Ischemic Wound Healing in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.05.008","article-title":"iPSCs: A Comparison between Animals and Plants","volume":"23","author":"Sang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3790","article-title":"Plant and Animal Stem Cells: Similar yet Different","volume":"15","author":"Heidstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCready, K., Spencer, V., and Kim, M. (2020). The Importance of TOR Kinase in Plant Development. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00016"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, K., Dong, P., Wang, W., Feng, L., Xiong, F., Wang, K., Zhang, S., Feng, S., Wang, B., and Zhang, J. (2017). The TOR Pathway Is Involved in Adventitious Root Formation in Arabidopsis and Potato. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00784"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015","DOI":"10.48130\/epi-0025-0014","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications: Conserved, Divergent, and Synergistic Epigenetic Regulation across Plants and Animals","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epigenet. Insights"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63765-9","article-title":"Cryo-EM Reveals Evolutionarily Conserved and Distinct Structural Features of Plant CG Maintenance Methyltransferase MET1","volume":"16","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.353.1951","article-title":"Vascularization Is a General Requirement for Growth of Plant and Animal Tumours","volume":"51","author":"Ullrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25392","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025392","article-title":"Changes in Regenerative Capacity through Lifespan","volume":"16","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., and Lai, Y. (2024). Scarring Skin: Mechanisms and Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031458"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2010.11.014","article-title":"The positional sterile (Ps) Mutation Affects Cuticular Transpiration and Wax Biosynthesis of Tomato Fruits","volume":"168","author":"Leide","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-75-1191","article-title":"Suberized Boundary Zones and the Chronology of Wound Response in Tree Bark","volume":"75","author":"Biggs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2025.101576","article-title":"Gaseous Cues Regenerate the Periderm","volume":"6","author":"Iqbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rains, M.K., Caron, C., Regan, S., and Molina, I. (2022). Chemical and Molecular Characterization of Wound-Induced Suberization in Poplar (Populus alba \u00d7 P. tremula) Stem Bark. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091143"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-102720-031405","article-title":"The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm","volume":"73","author":"Serra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"315","article-title":"Scarring in Tamarillo Fruit (Solanum betaceum)","volume":"62","author":"Jamieson","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71798","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71798","article-title":"Rethinking Chronic Wound Treatment: Unlocking the Potential of Combination Products for an Unmet Multifactorial Need: A Review Study","volume":"9","author":"Ramos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg3478","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg3478","article-title":"Living Microecological Hydrogels for Wound Healing","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez V\u00e9lez, I.C., Charris Dom\u00ednguez, C.M., Fern\u00e1ndez S\u00e1nchez, M.J., and Garavito-Aguilar, Z.V. (2025). Hypoxia and Tissue Regeneration: Adaptive Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199272"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"718","article-title":"Emerging Methods in Wound Care: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Vagholkar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149545","article-title":"Photosynthetic Live Microorganism-Incorporated Hydrogels Promote Diabetic Wound Healing via Self-Powering and Oxygen Production","volume":"485","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-29","article-title":"Risk Factors in the Development of Stem Cell Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Herberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02313-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treating Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Studies","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04334-1","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy: A Revolutionary Cure or a Pandora\u2019s Box","volume":"16","author":"Marei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, T., Wieczfinska, J., Ska\u0142a, E., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., and Sitarek, P. (2020). Transgenesis as a Tool for the Efficient Production of Selected Secondary Metabolites from Plant in Vitro Cultures. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020132"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miastkowska, M., and Sikora, E. (2018). Anti-Aging Properties of Plant Stem Cell Extracts. Cosmetics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics5040055"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02388-2","article-title":"Liposomal Stem Cell Extract Formulation from Coffea canephora Shows Outstanding Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Increased Tissue Repair, Neocollagenesis and Neoangiogenesis","volume":"315","author":"Guidoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201800066","article-title":"Plant Cell Culture as Emerging Technology for Production of Active Cosmetic Ingredients","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_183_22","article-title":"Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Locally Delivered Plant Stem Cells for Treatment of Periodontitis: Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Elboraey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2025.102856","article-title":"Microalgae-Enabled Hydrogels: New Trends in Biomedical Application Research","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:53:03Z","timestamp":1782867183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27135899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27135899","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}