{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:13:39Z","timestamp":1783660419493,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zygophyllum fabago L. is traditionally used in folk medicine due to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive morphological, anatomical, phytochemical, and microbiological investigation of Z. fabago collected in the Zhetysu region of Kazakhstan and to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of its extract. Morphological and microscopic analyses of the aerial parts were performed to establish diagnostic characteristics of the plant material. A 70% ethanolic extract obtained by ultrasonic extraction was subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS analyses, quantitative phytochemical assessment, and elemental profiling. The extract was further fractionated using solvents of different polarity. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected clinically relevant bacterial and fungal strains, while cytotoxicity was assessed using the Artemia salina model. Phytochemical analyses tentatively identified a diverse range of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, fatty acids, and other bioactive constituents, together with appreciable levels of phenolic compounds and mineral elements. Several solvent fractions exhibited antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. In the Artemia salina assay, no detectable toxicity was observed for the ethanolic extract under the tested conditions. The results provide pharmacognostic and phytochemical data for Z. fabago collected in Kazakhstan and demonstrate the presence of diverse bioactive constituents. The observed antimicrobial activity and low toxicity in the applied screening model suggest that this species may represent a potential source of biologically active compounds and warrants further phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"5907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacognostic Characterization, Phytochemical Profiling, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Zygophyllum fabago L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7637-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ostemirkyzy","family":"Darika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapsalyamova","family":"Elmira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryono Hadi","family":"Tjahjono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mombekov","family":"Serzhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ustenova","family":"Gulbaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kantureyeva","family":"Aigerim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulenova","family":"Gaukhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alimova","family":"Urziya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaimbayeva","family":"Elmira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, 88 Tole Bi Street, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botabayeva","family":"Rauan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College, South Kazakhstan Academy of Medicine, Shymkent 160019, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401319666230207093757","article-title":"A friendly strategy for an organic life by considering Syrian bean caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.) and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.)","volume":"19","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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