{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:28:38Z","timestamp":1785421718642,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031d5vw30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Accelerated epigenetic ageing linked to detrimental outcomes of combined diabetes-tuberculosis and post-tuberculosis disease","award":["PNRR\/2023\/C9\/MCID\/I8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR\/2023\/C9\/MCID\/I8"]}]},{"name":"Accelerated epigenetic ageing linked to detrimental outcomes of combined diabetes-tuberculosis and post-tuberculosis disease","award":["760273\/26.03.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760273\/26.03.2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(TB) induces a pronounced thromboinflammatory state during active disease, characterized by elevated fibrinogen, D-dimer, and thrombin-related activity, reduced levels of endogenous anticoagulants, impaired fibrinolysis, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction. Although many of these abnormalities improve after treatment initiation, accumulating evidence suggests that microbiological cure may not fully restore vascular, immune, and hemostatic homeostasis. This raises the possibility that TB leaves a persistent thromboinflammatory imprint after cure. This narrative synthesizes current evidence on tuberculosis-associated hypercoagulability during active disease and after treatment, and proposes a conceptual framework for post-tuberculosis thromboinflammatory memory grounded in cellular persistence, tissue remodeling, and extracellular vesicle-mediated signaling. Candidate storage compartments include hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, monocyte\/macrophage lineages, alveolar macrophages, remodeled pulmonary endothelium, and fibrotic post-TB lung tissue. EVs may function as mobile vectors that transfer procoagulant phospholipids, tissue factor, inflammatory proteins, and regulatory microRNAs between these compartments, thereby linking local post-TB remodeling to systemic vascular and coagulation pathways. A mechanistic evidence ladder is proposed, encompassing phenotypic persistence, EV cell-of-origin attribution, molecular persistence, paired longitudinal validation, functional transfer, and clinical outcome linkage. Current data support the biological plausibility of this framework but remain insufficient to establish post-TB thromboinflammatory memory as a defined clinical entity. Direct evidence in long-term TB survivors is still lacking, particularly with respect to persistent EV signatures, cell-specific reservoirs, and the functional transfer of procoagulant phenotypes. Longitudinal, cell-resolved, multi-omic, and functionally validated studies are required to determine whether TB leaves a durable thromboinflammatory memory, where it is stored, and whether it contributes to long-term thrombotic and cardiovascular risk. This article should be interpreted as a narrative review with a conceptual framework rather than as evidence that post-tuberculosis thromboinflammatory memory is already a formally established clinical entity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"5927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does Tuberculosis Leave a Thromboinflammatory Memory After Cure? A Narrative Review with a Conceptual Framework on Hypercoagulability, Cellular Reservoirs, and Extracellular Vesicle Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6335-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Cioboata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Victor Babes University Hospital, 300041 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3856-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silviu Gabriel","family":"Vlasceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Marius Nasta Pneumology Institute, 050159 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Loredana","family":"Tieranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emergency County Hospital Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugen Nicolae","family":"Tieranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8409-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara Amalia","family":"Balteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5130-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa Maria","family":"Mitroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Lelia","family":"Riza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Daniela","family":"Neamtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Hematology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4039-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina Andreea","family":"Mirea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral-Dental Prevention University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Hemostatic Parameters in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients after Intensive Phase Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Suryakusumah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Casp. 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