{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:03:47Z","timestamp":1791745427917,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial diseases have traditionally been viewed as energy deficiencies, but current evidence positions mitochondria as central regulators of multiple cell death pathways. This review systematically analyzes the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and ferroptosis in the context of both primary mitochondrial diseases\u2014caused by mutations in mtDNA or nuclear DNA directly affecting oxidative phosphorylation\u2014and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction associated with broader pathological conditions. Apoptosis is an energy-dependent process characterized by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, cytochrome c release, and caspase cascade activation, whereas ferroptosis involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), leading to accumulation of oxidized phospholipids predominantly in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes; mitochondrial ultrastructural changes\u2014including volume reduction and cristae loss\u2014represent characteristic morphological features of ferroptosis rather than its primary site of initiation. Key findings reveal that reactive oxygen species overproduction, disruption of reducing equivalent metabolism, iron dyshomeostasis, and calcium overload simultaneously prime cells for both death pathways. Cytochrome c, p53, and BCL-2 family proteins serve as integration hubs, with cardiolipin peroxidation and phospholipid composition influencing pathway switching. Tissue specificity is pronounced in primary mitochondrial diseases: retinal ganglion cells in Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy, cardiomyocytes in mtDNA-associated cardiomyopathies, and hepatocytes in mtDNA depletion syndromes exhibit distinct dominant death pathways. It should be noted, however, that for many conditions discussed, the evidence for ferroptosis involvement relies on indirect markers\u2014such as lipid peroxidation products, decreased GPX4, and iron deposition\u2014rather than on pharmacological rescue with ferrostatin-1 or liproxstatin-1 and rigorous exclusion of alternative death modalities; this limitation is discussed critically throughout the review. Diagnostic criteria combining morphological, biochemical, and pharmacological tools enable differentiation of death pathways. The review concludes that combined inhibition\u2014using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, GPX4 modulators, iron chelators, and mPTP blockers\u2014together with personalized diagnostic algorithms offers the most promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the apoptosis\u2013ferroptosis crosstalk is essential for developing targeted interventions in mitochondrial diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:41:01Z","timestamp":1782902461000},"page":"5931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Role of Apoptosis and Ferroptosis in Primary Mitochondrial Diseases: Mechanisms and Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8023-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kolotova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Shestopalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115478 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov RNRMU), 70, Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya Str., 105203 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Kutsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0717","article-title":"Mitochondria-mediated Ferroptosis in Diseases Therapy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.03.007","article-title":"BID links ferroptosis to mitochondrial cell death pathways","volume":"12","author":"Neitemeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c05039","article-title":"Mitochondria-Specific Molecular Crosstalk between Ferroptosis and Apoptosis Revealed by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adegboro, A.G., and Afolabi, I.S. 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