{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:08:00Z","timestamp":1785434880813,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82560875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82560875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82560875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82560875"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20232ACB206052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20232ACB206056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20232ACB206052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206052"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20232ACB206056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010857","name":"2024 Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Special Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20243BCC31009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20243BCC31009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not reducible to a single neurotransmitter deficit. Current explanations commonly involve monoaminergic dysfunction, hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis dysregulation, immune-inflammatory activation, impaired neuroplasticity and synaptic dysfunction, together with metabolic and neurovascular abnormalities. Lipidomic studies have repeatedly identified glycerophospholipid abnormalities in MDD, but their mechanistic meaning remains unresolved because changes in bulk lipid abundance do not explain how altered lipid metabolism becomes a receptor-level neural signal. This review develops a testable interpretation of the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)\u2013autotaxin (ATX)\u2013lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)\u2013LPA receptor (LPAR) axis in which LPC species generated during phospholipid turnover provide ATX substrates, ATX activity determines local LPA generation, LPA production and inactivation shape ligand availability, and LPAR signaling links the lipid product to neural output. This structure shifts the focus from total lipid abundance to matched assessment of lipid species, enzyme activity, anatomical site and receptor subtype. Human studies report lower serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ATX in MDD, lower CSF LPA 22:6 in MDD and schizophrenia, and negative total LPA findings that caution against biomarker oversimplification. Depression-relevant and broader stress- or anxiety-related experimental studies show that ATX, LPA and LPAR perturbation can affect hippocampal function, synaptic physiology, emotional behavior and stress resilience. The key unresolved issue is whether brain-accessible LPC species, active ATX, locally generated LPA, LPA inactivation capacity and receptor-specific output can be demonstrated within the same MDD-relevant fluid, brain-interface site or neural circuit. Future work should therefore move from fluid-level association toward pathway closure through targeted and spatial lipidomics, anatomical ATX activity mapping, LPA inactivation assays, blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB)\/interface analysis, LPAR perturbation and matched circuit or behavioral readouts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27135981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:39:11Z","timestamp":1783078751000},"page":"5981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The LPC-ATX-LPA-LPAR Axis in Major Depressive Disorder: From PC\/LPC Metabolism to Receptor-Active Lipid Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Weili","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifu","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01738-y","article-title":"Major depressive disorder: Hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, B., Conde, T., Domingues, I., and Domingues, M.R. (2022). Adaptation of Lipid Profiling in Depression Disease and Treatment: A Critical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042032"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., Li, L., and Zheng, Y. (2025). Neuroprotection vs. Neurotoxicity: The Dual Impact of Brain Lipids in Depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062722"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Duan, N., Wang, C., Shan, R., Li, J., Wang, L., Liu, Q., Tao, J., Liu, L., and Ma, X. (2025). Lipidomic analyses reveal the dysregulation of oxidized fatty acids and acyl-carnitines in major depressive disorder: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S541312","article-title":"Serum lipidome change in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder: A real-world exploratory study","volume":"21","author":"Okamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., and Ilies, M.A. (2023). The phospholipase A2 superfamily: Structure, isozymes, catalysis, physiologic and pathologic roles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021353"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118569","article-title":"Phospholipid-derived lysophospholipids in (patho)physiology","volume":"398","author":"Prabutzki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab044","article-title":"Reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of lysophosphatidic acid docosahexaenoic acid in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Omori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e12388","article-title":"Evaluation of serum lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine levels in major depressive disorder patients","volume":"12","author":"Riya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.04.029","article-title":"Serum lipidomic analysis for the discovery of biomarkers for major depressive disorder in drug-free patients","volume":"265","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200204026","article-title":"Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity leading to tumor cell growth and motility by lysophosphatidic acid production","volume":"158","author":"Kishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13241","article-title":"Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"509","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108421","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid, a simple phospholipid with myriad functions","volume":"246","author":"Yanagida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02423-4","article-title":"Decoding lysophosphatidic acid signaling in physiology and disease: Mapping the multimodal and multinodal signaling networks","volume":"10","author":"Nadhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., and Li, Y. (2024). Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) and Its Receptors in Mood Regulation: A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137440"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol4010014","article-title":"The Role of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Dedoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39088-y","article-title":"Substrate binding-induced conformational transitions in the omega-3 fatty acid transporter MFSD2A","volume":"14","author":"Bergman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13324","article-title":"Mfsd2a is critical for the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"509","author":"Lacoste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34654","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.276725","article-title":"Binding of autotaxin to integrins localizes lysophosphatidic acid production to platelets and mammalian cells","volume":"286","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2022.12.006","article-title":"Autotaxin facilitates selective LPA receptor signaling","volume":"30","author":"Borza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabbai, S., Moreno-Fern\u00e1ndez, R.D., Zambrana-Infantes, E., Nieto-Quero, A., Chun, J., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.I., Estivill-Torr\u00fas, G., Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca, F., Sant\u00edn, L.J., and Oliveira, T.G. (2019). Effects of the LPA1 receptor deficiency and stress on the hippocampal LPA species in mice. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00146"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107896","article-title":"LPA1 receptor and chronic stress: Effects on behaviour and the genes involved in the hippocampal excitatory\/inhibitory balance","volume":"164","author":"Bacq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm035519","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.035519","article-title":"Effects of genetic deletion versus pharmacological blockade of the LPA1 receptor on depression-like behaviour and related brain functional activity","volume":"11","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110156","article-title":"Chronic central modulation of LPA\/LPA receptors-signaling pathway in the mouse brain regulates cognition, emotion, and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Pedraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02261-4","article-title":"GABAergic deficits in absence of LPA1 receptor, associated anxiety-like and coping behaviors, and amelioration by interneuron precursor transplants into the dorsal hippocampus","volume":"226","author":"Pedraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114681","article-title":"Social avoidance and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in a mouse model of anxious depression: The role of LPA1 receptor","volume":"455","author":"Pedraza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110325","article-title":"Sex-specific alterations in emotional behavior and neurotransmitter systems in LPA1 receptor-deficient mice","volume":"268","author":"Navarro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.06.050","article-title":"Synaptic PRG-1 modulates excitatory transmission via lipid phosphate-mediated signaling","volume":"138","author":"Trimbuch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02598-2","article-title":"Altered cortical synaptic lipid signaling leads to intermediate phenotypes of mental disorders","volume":"29","author":"Muthuraman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-025-01458-y","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid selectively modulates excitatory transmission in hippocampal neurons","volume":"15","author":"Brandt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz005","article-title":"Reduced serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of autotaxin in major depressive disorder","volume":"22","author":"Itagaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081888","article-title":"Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase type 1 (LPP1) degrades extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in vivo","volume":"419","author":"Tomsig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01699","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Gotoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100632","article-title":"Effects of autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid deficiencies on depression-like behaviors in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69240-3","article-title":"Inhibition of stress resilience and adult hippocampal neurogenesis by platelet-derived LPA16:0 in anxiety","volume":"17","author":"Larrieu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6412-0","article-title":"Autotaxin (NPP-2) in the brain: Cell type-specific expression and regulation during development and after neurotrauma","volume":"64","author":"Savaskan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105062","article-title":"Cellular expression and subcellular localization of autotaxin, a lysophosphatidic acid-generating enzyme, in the adult and developing mouse brain","volume":"227","author":"Tachikawa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.10.010","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction mediated by the EZH2-Claudin-5 axis drives stress-induced TNF-alpha infiltration and depression-like behaviors","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111761","article-title":"Higher blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with major depressive disorder identified by DCE-MRI imaging","volume":"337","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01727-9","article-title":"G protein-biased LPAR1 agonism of prototypic antidepressants: Implication in the identification of novel therapeutic target for depression","volume":"49","author":"Kajitani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.08.003","article-title":"Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San regulates phospholipids and bile acid metabolism against hepatic injury induced by chronic unpredictable stress in rat","volume":"1064","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112165","article-title":"Xiao-Yao-San reduces blood-brain barrier injury induced by chronic stress in vitro and vivo via glucocorticoid receptor-mediated upregulation of Occludin","volume":"246","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.05.027","article-title":"Modulation of LPA1 receptor-mediated neuronal apoptosis by Saikosaponin-d: A target involved in depression","volume":"155","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03534-y","article-title":"Exploration of a brain-liver-communication-related mechanism involved in the experimental perimenopausal depression rat model using Chaihu-Shugan-San","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184367","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/184367","article-title":"Yueju Pill rapidly induces antidepressant-like effects and acutely enhances BDNF expression in mouse brain","volume":"2013","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2018.07.007","article-title":"Depression during and after the perimenopause: Impact of hormones, genetics, and environmental determinants of disease","volume":"45","author":"Bromberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31551-4","article-title":"Brexanolone injection in postpartum depression: Two multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"392","author":"Colquhoun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1559","article-title":"Effect of zuranolone vs placebo in postpartum depression: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Deligiannidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824d8f40","article-title":"Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: Addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging","volume":"19","author":"Harlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.529","article-title":"Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Almeida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.11.068","article-title":"Estradiol modulates resting-state connectivity in perimenopausal depression","volume":"371","author":"Hynd","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030388","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030388","article-title":"Trajectories of Blood Lipids Profile in Midlife Women: Does Menopause Matter?","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, C., Hou, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, K., Wang, J., Guo, B., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, X., and Li, Y. (2015). Plasma metabolic profiles in women are menopause dependent. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141743"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sueajai, J., Sutjarit, N., Boonmuen, N., Auparakkitanon, S., Noumjad, N., Suksamrarn, A., Vinayavekhin, N., and Piyachaturawat, P. (2022). Lowering of lysophosphatidylcholines in ovariectomized rats by Curcuma comosa. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268179"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.019","article-title":"GABA(A)R plasticity during pregnancy: Relevance to postpartum depression","volume":"59","author":"Maguire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(96)00003-2","article-title":"Effect of hormones and antihormones on phospholipase A2 activity in human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"51","author":"Periwal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2005.10.010","article-title":"Estrogen induces phospholipase A2 activation through ERK1\/2 to mobilize intracellular calcium in MCF-7 cells","volume":"71","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2011.12.4.379","article-title":"Expression and regulation of Enpp2 in rat uterus during the estrous cycle","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.06.002","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic receptor, LPA3, is positively and negatively regulated by progesterone and estrogen in the mouse uterus","volume":"79","author":"Hama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:46:11Z","timestamp":1783079171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/5981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27135981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27135981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}