{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:50:24Z","timestamp":1792018224514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025C01138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2025C01138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C01138"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05yj3y977","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZDXT17-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZDXT17-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a member of the Alphavirus genus, Getah virus (GETV) has become an emerging pathogen posing severe threats to animal health and public health security. In recent years, GETV has caused increasing outbreaks in swine herds, leading to substantial economic losses in the pig industry in China. Here, we report continuous GETV outbreaks on pig farms across southeastern China between September 2024 and December 2025. A total of 185 clinical samples were examined, among which 27 were positive (14.6%). Subsequently, five GETV strains were successfully isolated and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 5 isolated strains belonged to genotype III(GIII), with two strains (GETV-AHX2024 and GETV-JS2024) forming a distinct GIII variant clade. Notably, multiple specific amino acid mutations were identified in the nsp3, C, E2, 6K, and E1 proteins and 3\u2032UTR of these GIII variant strains. Pathogenicity in mice revealed that mice infected with the GIII variant strain GETV-JS2024 exhibited a longer viral shedding period compared with other strains. These findings highlight the emergence of GETV GIII variant strains in southeastern China and suggest their altered pathogenic performance in mice. These results supplied critical data for molecular surveillance and subsequent pathogenic analysis of GETV in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27136016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:43:14Z","timestamp":1783345394000},"page":"6016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Emerging Getah Virus Genotype III Variant Strains from Swine in Southeastern China (2024\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xiufang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6802-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3276-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.08.016","article-title":"From discovery to spread: The evolution and phylogeny of Getah virus","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05713-4","article-title":"Evaluating the mosquito host range of Getah virus and the vector competence of selected medically important mosquitoes in Getah virus transmission","volume":"16","author":"Azerigyik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-65-11-1899","article-title":"Oligonucleotide Fingerprint Analysis of Strains of Getah Virus Isolated in Japan and Malaysia","volume":"65","author":"Morita","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14042","article-title":"A serological survey and characterization of Getah virus in domestic pigs in Thailand, 2017\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Rattanatumhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Hu, J., Li, L.X., Lu, Z.S., Sun, X.T., Lu, H.J., Jin, N.Y., Zhang, L., and Zhang, L.N. (2023). Seroepidemiological investigation of Getah virus in the China-Myanmar border area from 2022-2023. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1309650"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.3464-3475","article-title":"Global seroprevalence and distribution of Getah virus in domestic and wild animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Irekeola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141975","article-title":"Getah virus infection among racehorses, Japan, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Nemoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4167\/jbv.2015.45.3.235","article-title":"Sero-surveillance of Getah virus among Thoroughbred horses in Korea","volume":"45","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181983","article-title":"Highly pathogenic swine Getah virus in blue foxes, eastern China, 2017","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, X., Li, L.-X., Shi, N., Sun, X., Liu, Q., Jin, N.Y., and Si, X.K. (2019). First isolation and characterization of Getah virus from cattle in northeastern China. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2061-z"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2273","article-title":"Diseases Z: Serological survey of Getah virus in domestic animals in Yunnan Province, China","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153317","article-title":"Viral metagenomics unveiled extensive communications of viruses within giant pandas and their associated organisms in the same ecosystem","volume":"820","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07901-3","article-title":"Farmed fur animals harbour viruses with zoonotic spillover potential","volume":"634","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Song, D., Wei, J., Xie, B., Yang, Q., Xu, J., and Zhang, F. (2025). First report on identification and genetic characterization of Getah virus in wild boar in China. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1583023"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Wang, H., and Liang, G. (2022). Getah Virus (Alphavirus): An Emerging, Spreading Zoonotic Virus. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080945"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"730","article-title":"Isolation of Getah virus from mosquitos collected on Hainan Island, China, and results of a serosurvey","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00374-6","article-title":"Structure of infective Getah virus at 2.8 \u00c5 resolution determined by cryo-electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01515-x","article-title":"Development of a reverse genetics system for Getah virus and characterization of rescued strains","volume":"56","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"350","article-title":"Getah virus: An increasing threat in China","volume":"80","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, J., Fang, M., Duan, L., Liu, Z., Wang, G., Wu, Q., Fan, K., Huang, D., Ye, Y., and Wan, G. (2024). Novel Porcine Getah Virus from Diarrheal Piglets in Jiangxi Province, China: Prevalence, Genome Sequence, and Pathogenicity. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14202980"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Gao, X., Kuang, Z., Lin, L., Zhang, H., Yin, L., Hong, J., and Ren, B. (2024). Isolation and pathogenicity of a highly virulent group III porcine Getah virus in China. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1494654"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(88)90033-8","article-title":"Clinical and virological observations on swine experimentally infected with Getah virus","volume":"16","author":"Kumanomido","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, P.-P., Chen, S.-N., Zhou, X., Wei, Z.-Z., and Zhai, S.-L. (2025). Getah Virus: A New Contaminant in Veterinary Vaccines. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020082"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101650","article-title":"Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Getah virus from a commercial modified live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00483-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00483-24","article-title":"Emergence of a novel GIII Getah virus variant in pigs in Guangdong, China, 2023","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530661","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2530661","article-title":"Outbreak and epidemic of Getah virus infection in swine by virulence-enhanced GIII variant in Henan, central China in 2024","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130847","article-title":"Getah virus capsid protein undergoes co-condensation with viral genomic RNA to facilitate virion assembly","volume":"265","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33432","article-title":"Infectivity and pathogenesis characterization of getah virus (GETV) strain via different inoculation routes in mice","volume":"10","author":"Jian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511764","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5511764","article-title":"Isolation and Pathogenicity of a Getah Virus With a Novel Deletion in the 3\u2032 UTR","volume":"2026","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12867","article-title":"An outbreak of Getah virus infection among pigs in China, 2017","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaf007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf007","article-title":"Genomic surveillance and evolution of Getah virus","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01091-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01091-22","article-title":"Early genomic surveillance and phylogeographic analysis of Getah virus, a reemerging arbovirus, in livestock in China","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, L., Nie, M., Liu, B., Li, F., Xu, T., Xu, L., Deng, L., Li, H., Zhao, L., and Li, Y. (2025). Isolation and characterization of a porcine Getah virus strain from Sichuan Province. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12030276"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1037","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14395","article-title":"Origin, genetic diversity, adaptive evolution and transmission dynamics of Getah virus","volume":"69","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6466-6475.1994","article-title":"Alphavirus nsP3 functions to form replication complexes transcribing negative-strand RNA","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Sun, Z.Z., Cui, C.X., Wang, S.D., Yang, D.C., Shi, Z.B., Wei, X.Y., Wang, P.F., Sun, W.Y., and Zhu, J. (2022). Structural Insights into Alphavirus Assembly Revealed by the Cryo-EM Structure of Getah Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb7vga\/pdb"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Percent Endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/6016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:34:34Z","timestamp":1783398874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/6016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27136016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27136016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]}}}