{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T05:07:15Z","timestamp":1783832835495,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) has resulted in significant advancements in research, particularly regarding their utilization as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This has generated enthusiasm for exploring the potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in treating cancer and other diseases, with miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) showing particular promise. Over the past twelve years, there has been significant research into RNA-based treatments. Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs are the most commonly used. Certain products have received Federal and Drug Administration approval. Notably, the findings from clinical trials have been inconsistent, with certain investigations indicating notable effectiveness and others reporting only minimal efficacy or safety concerns. Consequently, clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatment options, including antimiRNAs, in addressing these challenges. There is an increasing interest in the use of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-based therapies. The potential for drugs developed using this technology is significant. Significant advancements in preclinical and clinical trials have emerged, indicating promising potential for future developments. MiRNAs are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and prediction of acute coronary syndrome manifestations. Its utilization, whether as a comprehensive approach or in conjunction with existing biomarkers, may be implemented in the foreseeable future, especially in instances of uncertainty regarding diagnosis. The primary objective of this review is to deliver a thorough and detailed assessment of recent progress in the field of microRNA detection and characterization. A key focus of this assessment will be on their clinical translation. Secondly, an exploration of the prevailing knowledge in the field of RNA therapies as potential targets for diagnosis and treatment in the cardiovascular system will be conducted. The most recent challenges and perspectives on the road to clinical application are presented herein. The aim of the present seminar is to furnish a thorough report on the recent advancements in the detection and characterization of miRNAs and lncRNAs, with specific emphasis on their clinical translation. In summary, the paper herein presents an exploration of the most recent challenges and perspectives on the road to clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27136086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:27:31Z","timestamp":1783531651000},"page":"6086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are RNA Therapies a Solid Foundation or a Frontier Yet to Be Conquered?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Nappi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073630","article-title":"Non-Coding RNA-Targeted Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"25","author":"Nappi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.10.23.3041","article-title":"A bulged lin-4\/lin-14 RNA duplex is sufficient for Caenorhabditis elegans lin-14 temporal gradient formation","volume":"10","author":"Ha","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90530-4","article-title":"Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans","volume":"75","author":"Wightman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09616","article-title":"Formation, regulation and evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans 3\u2019UTRs","volume":"469","author":"Jan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.082701.108","article-title":"Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.06.017","article-title":"MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: Determinants beyond seed pairing","volume":"27","author":"Grimson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D155","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1141","article-title":"miRBase: From microRNA sequences to function","volume":"47","author":"Kozomara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Paul, D., Calin, G.A., and Bayraktar, R. (2023). miR-142: A Master Regulator in Hematological Malignancies and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010084"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz885","article-title":"MirGeneDB 2.0: The metazoan microRNA complement","volume":"48","author":"Fromm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.07.002","article-title":"A quantitative map of human primary microRNA processing sites","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nappi, F., Alzamil, A., Avtaar Singh, S.S., Spadaccio, C., and Bonnet, N. (2023). Current Knowledge on the Interaction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection, Encoded miRNAs, and Acute Aortic Syndrome. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0084.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nappi, F., Avtaar Singh, S.S., Jitendra, V., Alzamil, A., and Schoell, T. (2023). The Roles of microRNAs in the Cardiovascular System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1663.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.39","article-title":"Argonaute 2-dependent regulation of gene expression by single-stranded miRNA mimics","volume":"24","author":"Matsui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11739","article-title":"Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration","volume":"492","author":"Eulalio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.02.041","article-title":"AntimiR-21 prevents myocardial dysfunction in a pig model of ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"75","author":"Hinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000882","article-title":"MiR-378 controls cardiac hypertrophy by combined repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway factors","volume":"127","author":"Ganesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01737-4","article-title":"Cardiac myocyte miR-29 promotes pathological remodeling of the heart by activating Wnt signaling","volume":"8","author":"Sassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07511","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts","volume":"456","author":"Thum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.106.141986","article-title":"MicroRNA expression signature and antisense-mediated depletion reveal an essential role of microRNA in vascular neointimal lesion formation","volume":"100","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.166","article-title":"Viral vector-based targeting of miR-21 in cardiac nonmyocyte cells reduces pathologic remodeling of the heart","volume":"24","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13027","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805038105","article-title":"Dysregulation of microRNAs after myocardial infarction reveals a role of miR-29 in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"105","author":"Sutherland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.255737","article-title":"MicroRNA-29 in aortic dilation: Implications for aneurysm formation","volume":"109","author":"Boon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61598","article-title":"Inhibition of micro-RNA-29b reduces murine abdominal aortic aneurysm development","volume":"122","author":"Maegdefessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht105","article-title":"miRNA-21 is dysregulated in response to vein grafting in multiple models and genetic ablation in mice attenuates neointima formation","volume":"34","author":"McDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.10.006","article-title":"miR-29b mediates the chronic inflammatory response in radiotherapy-induced vascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Eken","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124508","article-title":"Platelet-derived miR-223 promotes a phenotypic switch in arterial injury repair","volume":"129","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001904","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA-92a protects against ischemia\/reperfusion injury in a large-animal model","volume":"128","author":"Hinkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14349-2","article-title":"Preclinical development of a miR-132 inhibitor for heart failure treatment","volume":"11","author":"Foinquinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.267443","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling identifies microRNA-155 as an adverse mediator of cardiac injury and dysfunction during acute viral myocarditis","volume":"111","author":"Corsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174381","article-title":"MicroRNA-92a controls angiogenesis and functional recovery of ischemic tissues in mice","volume":"324","author":"Bonauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2090","article-title":"The miRNA-212\/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte autophagy","volume":"3","author":"Ucar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001357","article-title":"Macrophage microRNA-155 promotes cardiac hypertrophy and failure","volume":"128","author":"Heymans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958967","article-title":"MicroRNA-328 contributes to adverse electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation","volume":"122","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014579","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 exerts cell-specific antiangiogenic but proarteriogenic effects during adaptive neovascularization","volume":"131","author":"Pankratz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64365","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a is a therapeutic target and biomarker for peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"123","author":"Halkein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1973","article-title":"MicroRNA-181b regulates NF-\u03baB\u2013mediated vascular inflammation","volume":"122","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2126","article-title":"MicroRNA-199b targets the nuclear kinase Dyrk1a in an auto-amplification loop promoting calcineurin\/NFAT signalling","volume":"12","author":"Salic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2016.12.002","article-title":"miR-199b-5p is a regulator of left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction","volume":"2","author":"Duygu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608791103","article-title":"A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Sutherland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59327","article-title":"MicroRNA-214 protects the mouse heart from ischemic injury by controlling Ca2+ overload and cell death","volume":"122","author":"Aurora","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.014","article-title":"miR-222 is necessary for exercise-induced cardiac growth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10094","article-title":"MicroRNA-221\/222 family counteracts myocardial fibrosis in pressure overload-induced heart failure","volume":"71","author":"Verjans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1582","article-title":"MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"13","author":"Catalucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113449","article-title":"MiRNA-1\/133a clusters regulate adrenergic control of cardiac repolarization","volume":"9","author":"Besser","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208863110","article-title":"Regulation of neonatal and adult mammalian heart regeneration by the miR-15 family","volume":"110","author":"Porrello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5418","article-title":"Functional microRNA library screening identifies the hypoxamir miR-24 as a potent regulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascularization","volume":"21","author":"Fiedler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.89","article-title":"Local inhibition of micro-RNA-24 improves reparative angiogenesis and left ventricle remodeling and function in mice with myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Meloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11919","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a regulates cardiac ageing and function","volume":"495","author":"Boon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311298","article-title":"miR-34a promotes vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by downregulating SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) and AXL (AXl receptor tyrosine kinase)","volume":"38","author":"Badi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7390","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0800","article-title":"MicroRNA-cancer connection: The beginning of a new tale","volume":"66","author":"Calin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-014-1434-4","article-title":"The impact of microRNA expression on cellular proliferation","volume":"133","author":"Lenkala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049006","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mipomersen in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia receiving maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy","volume":"7","author":"McGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.20481","article-title":"The hallmarks of cancer: A long non-coding RNA point of view","volume":"9","author":"Gutschner","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.03.010","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways","volume":"29","author":"Schmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.40","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulatory elements in immune system logic","volume":"16","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1996-3","article-title":"Loss of p53 drives neuron reprogramming in head and neck cancer","volume":"578","author":"Amit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2711-z","article-title":"Forging our understanding of lncRNAs in the brain","volume":"371","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1426-1_16","article-title":"Circular RNAs and Neuronal Development","volume":"1087","author":"Constantin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4140","article-title":"MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.246","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics: Towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-013-0734-z","article-title":"miRNA-transcription factor interactions: A combinatorial regulation of gene expression","volume":"288","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3765","article-title":"The chemical evolution of oligonucleotide therapies of clinical utility","volume":"35","author":"Khvorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochoa, S., and Milam, V.T. (2020). Modified Nucleic Acids: Expanding the Capabilities of Functional Oligonucleotides. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204659"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2016.0656","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Antisense Oligonucleotides","volume":"27","author":"Crooke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8651-4_26","article-title":"Pre-mRNA Splicing Modulation by Antisense Oligonucleotides","volume":"Volume 1828","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exon Skipping and Inclusion Therapies"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/35078107","article-title":"Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells","volume":"411","author":"Elbashir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh359","article-title":"Phase II study of ISIS 3521, an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to protein kinase C alpha, in patients with previously treated low-grade non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.93","article-title":"Preclinical Justification of pbi-shRNA EWS\/FLI1 Lipoplex (LPX) Treatment for Ewing\u2019s Sarcoma","volume":"24","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw223","article-title":"Preclinical Biodistribution and Safety Evaluation of a pbi-shRNA STMN1 Lipoplex after Subcutaneous Delivery","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201100899","article-title":"Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age","volume":"6","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-016-0407-y","article-title":"Phase I study of MRX34, a liposomal miR-34a mimic, administered twice weekly in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"35","author":"Beg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0802-1","article-title":"Phase 1 study of MRX34, a liposomal miR-34a mimic, in patients with advanced solid tumours","volume":"122","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30621-6","article-title":"Safety and activity of microRNA-loaded minicells in patients with recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma: A first-in-man, phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study","volume":"18","author":"Pavlakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04303","article-title":"Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with \u2018antagomirs\u2019","volume":"438","author":"Rajewsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt852","article-title":"Miravirsen (SPC3649) can inhibit the biogenesis of miR-122","volume":"42","author":"Gebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1079","article-title":"MicroRNA sponges: Competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells","volume":"4","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2018.1445959","article-title":"Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides: A comprehensive guide for design","volume":"15","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004694","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004694","article-title":"Divergent Effects of miR-181 Family Members on Myocardial Function Through Protective Cytosolic and Detrimental Mitochondrial microRNA Targets","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.07.019","article-title":"Generation of miRNA sponge constructs","volume":"58","author":"Kluiver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7435-1_15","article-title":"Construction of Multi-Potent MicroRNA Sponge and Its Functional Evaluation","volume":"Volume 1699","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"MicroRNA and Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20370","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4827","article-title":"Simultaneous inhibition of multiple oncogenic miRNAs by a multi-potent microRNA sponge","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2018.1537746","article-title":"RNA accessibility impacts potency of Tough Decoy microRNA inhibitors","volume":"15","author":"Hooykaas","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01090","article-title":"Generation of MicroRNA-34 Sponges and Tough Decoys for the Heart: Developments and Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Bernardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-863-8_3","article-title":"The principles of MiRNA-masking antisense oligonucleotides technology","volume":"Volume 676","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"MicroRNA and Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2014.260","article-title":"Tiny masking locked nucleic acids effectively bind to mRNA and inhibit binding of microRNAs in relation to thermodynamic stability","volume":"2","author":"Murakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3623","article-title":"A non-coding function of TYRP1 mRNA promotes melanoma growth","volume":"19","author":"Gilot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201023666220803150431","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Long Non-coding RNAs as Novel Targets in Anti-cancer Drug Development","volume":"24","author":"Baran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.017","article-title":"The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Oncology","volume":"179","author":"Slack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.017","article-title":"microRNA Therapeutics in Cancer\u2014An Emerging Concept","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800121105","article-title":"MiR-15a and miR-16-1 cluster functions in human leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Calin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506654102","article-title":"miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2","volume":"102","author":"Cimmino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.01.001","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Arun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2158","article-title":"Inhibition of natural antisense transcripts in vivo results in gene-specific transcriptional upregulation","volume":"30","author":"Modarresi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.05.011","article-title":"Upregulation of Haploinsufficient Gene Expression in the Brain by Targeting a Long Non-coding RNA Improves Seizure Phenotype in a Model of Dravet Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Hsiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.01.027","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Nasal Depot (MIND) technique for direct BDNF AntagoNAT delivery to the brain","volume":"331","author":"Padmakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7909","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1104","article-title":"Phase I\/II study of G3139 (Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide) in combination with doxorubicin and docetaxel in breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Moulder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1248","article-title":"Finally, An Apoptosis-Targeting Therapeutic for Cancer","volume":"76","author":"Croce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.11.007","article-title":"A MicroRNA-29 Mimic (Remlarsen) Represses Extracellular Matrix Expression and Fibroplasia in the Skin","volume":"139","author":"Piper","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"4016","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 causing pneumonia-associated respiratory disorder (COVID-19): Diagnostic and proposed therapeutic options","volume":"24","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159179","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI159179","article-title":"MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease","volume":"132","author":"Laggerbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0059-1","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and its crosstalk with other cellular pathways","volume":"20","author":"Treiber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.006","article-title":"Metazoan microRNAs","volume":"173","author":"Bartel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00801-8","article-title":"Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias","volume":"115","author":"Khvorova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00759-1","article-title":"Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex","volume":"115","author":"Schwarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70577","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast\u2013derived micro-RNA passenger strand-enriched exosomes mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"124","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz2294","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz2294","article-title":"Noncanonical inhibition of caspase-3 by a nuclear microRNA confers endothelial protection by autophagy in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Santovito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.11.006","article-title":"Identification of ncRNA-mediated functions of nucleus-localized miR-320 in cardiomyocytes","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05005","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05005","article-title":"Predicting effective micro-RNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.09.004","article-title":"Pairing beyond the seed supports MicroRNA targeting specificity","volume":"64","author":"Broughton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125228","article-title":"Selective tissue targeting of synthetic nucleic acid drugs","volume":"129","author":"Seth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0045-7","article-title":"Regulation of micro-RNA function in animals","volume":"20","author":"Gebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.05.014","article-title":"3\u2032 Uridylation confers miRNAs with non-canonical target repertoires","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.07.020","article-title":"Adenosine-to-inosine editing of vasoactive microRNAs alters their targetome and function in ischemia","volume":"21","author":"Parma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065809","article-title":"Distinctive profile of IsomiR expression and novel microRNAs in rat heart left ventricle","volume":"8","author":"McGahon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312345","article-title":"Adenosine-to-inosine editing of MicroRNA-487b alters target gene selection after ischemia and promotes neovascularization","volume":"122","author":"Parma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.10.002","article-title":"MicroRNA-411 and its 5\u2032-isomiR have distinct targets and functions and are differentially regulated in the vasculature under ischemia","volume":"28","author":"Woudenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.251421.119","article-title":"Global analyses of the dynamics of mammalian microRNA metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Kingston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.198788.115","article-title":"Degradation dynamics of micro-RNAs revealed by a novel pulse-chase approach","volume":"26","author":"Marzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc9546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc9546","article-title":"A ubiquitin ligase mediates target-directed microRNA decay independently of tailing and trimming","volume":"370","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc9359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc9359","article-title":"The ZSWIM8 ubiquitin ligase mediates target-directed microRNA degradation","volume":"370","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-018-0032-x","article-title":"MicroRNA degradation by a conserved target RNA regulates animal behavior","volume":"25","author":"Bitetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.17446611","article-title":"Integrative annotation of human large intergenic noncoding RNAs reveals global properties and specific subclasses","volume":"25","author":"Cabili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.247239.118","article-title":"Decrypting noncoding RNA interactions, structures, and functional networks","volume":"29","author":"Fabbri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-051410-092902","article-title":"Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs","volume":"81","author":"Rinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10887","article-title":"Modular regulatory principles of large non-coding RNAs","volume":"482","author":"Guttman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00179","article-title":"Circular RNAs in cancer-lessons learned from microRNAs","volume":"8","author":"Dragomir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11993","article-title":"Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges","volume":"495","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0386","article-title":"Enhanced cardioprotection by human endometrium mesenchymal stem cells driven by exosomal microRNA-21","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08895-7","article-title":"Circulating myocardial micro-RNAs from infarcted hearts are carried in exosomes and mobilise bone marrow progenitor cells","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616161","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.616161","article-title":"The role of exosomes and exosomal microRNA in cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579892","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.579892","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle miRNAs in the promotion of cardiac neovascularisation","volume":"11","author":"Kesidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2018.05.004","article-title":"Myocardial cell-to-cell communication via microRNAs","volume":"3","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2020.0871","article-title":"Efficiency and target derepression of anti-miR-92a: Results of a first in human study","volume":"30","author":"Abplanalp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid. Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3139","article-title":"Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155, slows DLBCL tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Anastasiadou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa898","article-title":"Novel antisense therapy targeting microRNA-132 in patients with heart failure: Results of a first-in-human phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Hauke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu151","article-title":"Assessment of microRNAs in patients with unstable angina pectoris","volume":"35","author":"Zeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080345","article-title":"Diagnostic potential of plasmatic MicroRNA signatures in stable and unstable angina","volume":"8","author":"Carena","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.215566","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"107","author":"Fichtlscherer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080738","article-title":"Signature of circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in vulnerable coronary artery disease","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.08.005","article-title":"The Internet Tracking Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (i*trACS): A multicenter registry of patients with suspicion of acute coronary syndromes reported using the standardized reporting guidelines for emergency department chest pain studies","volume":"48","author":"Lindsell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15001","article-title":"Circulating microRNA profiles based on direct S-Poly(T)Plus assay for detection of coronary heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq013","article-title":"Circulating microRNA: A novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.173823","article-title":"Use of circulating microRNAs to diagnose acute myocardial infarction","volume":"58","author":"Devaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(01)OA12","article-title":"Comparing the diagnostic values of circulating microRNAs and cardiac troponin T in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088566","article-title":"MiRNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"108","article-title":"Circulating Cell and Plasma microRNA Profiles Differ between Non-ST-Segment and ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction","volume":"2","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.07.011","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic impact of six circulating microRNAs in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Widera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201749","article-title":"Early assessment of acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department: The potential diagnostic value of circulating microRNAs","volume":"4","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0653-8","article-title":"miR-941 as a promising biomarker for acute coronary syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105734","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105734","article-title":"Atherosclerosis-related circulating miRNAs as novel and sensitive predictors for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.041","article-title":"Whole blood sequencing reveals circulating microRNA associations with high-risk traits in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz302","article-title":"Systematic review of microRNA biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease","volume":"116","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhelankin, A.V., Stonogina, D.A., Vasiliev, S.V., Babalyan, K.A., Sharova, E.I., Doludin, Y.V., Shchekochikhin, D.Y., Generozov, E.V., and Akselrod, A.S. (2021). Circulating Extracellular miRNA Analysis in Patients with Stable CAD and Acute Coronary Syndromes. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070962"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.08.011","article-title":"Bare metal stent restenosis is not a benign clinical entity","volume":"151","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.06.024","article-title":"Clinical in-stent restenosis with bare metal stents: Is it truly a benign phenomenon?","volume":"128","author":"Bainey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2021.05.009","article-title":"Very Long-term Safety and Effectiveness of Drug-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stents for Left Main Coronary Disease","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.042","article-title":"Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: Delayed healing and late thrombotic risk","volume":"48","author":"Joner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-007-2997-9","article-title":"Vascular pathology of drug-eluting stents","volume":"32","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693739","article-title":"Pathological correlates of late drug-eluting stent thrombosis: Strut coverage as a marker of endothelialization","volume":"115","author":"Finn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092207","article-title":"The Diagnostic Value of Circulating Biomarkers and Role of Drug-Coated Balloons for In-Stent Restenosis in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"12","author":"Montelione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nusca, A., Viscusi, M.M., Piccirillo, F., De Filippis, A., Nenna, A., Spadaccio, C., Nappi, F., Chello, C., Mangiacapra, F., and Grigioni, F. (2022). In Stent Neo-Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, Prevention, and Therapeutic Approaches. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030393"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305597","article-title":"Local MicroRNA Modulation Using a Novel Anti-miR-21-Eluting Stent Effectively Prevents Experimental In Stent Restenosis","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300141","article-title":"MicroRNAs within the continuum of postgenomics biomarker discovery","volume":"33","author":"Mayr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"4686","article-title":"miR-22 eluting cardiovascular stent based on a self-healable spongy coating inhibits in-stent restenosis","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0075-7","article-title":"Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214996109","article-title":"Epitranscriptional orchestration of genetic reprogramming is an emergent property of stress-regulated cardiac microRNAs","volume":"109","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044744","article-title":"Global microRNA profiling of the mouse ventricles during development of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Bagnall","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25211-4","article-title":"A microRNA program regulates the balance between cardiomyocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy and stimulates cardiac regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Raso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.01.021","article-title":"Calcineurin-NFAT signaling regulates the cardiac hypertrophic response in coordination with the MAPKs","volume":"63","author":"Molkentin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27856-7","article-title":"MicroRNA-365 regulates human cardiac action potential duration","volume":"13","author":"Esfandyari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.17992","article-title":"Clinical Update on Novel Lipid-Lowering Therapies to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"326","author":"Ray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535708","article-title":"Single-stranded small interfering RNA are more immunostimulatory than their double-stranded counterparts: A central role for 2\u2019-hydroxyl uridines in immune responses","volume":"36","author":"Sioud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1122","article-title":"Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs","volume":"23","author":"Morrissey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2005.11.002","article-title":"Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Judge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2284","article-title":"The microRNA miR-34a inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis by directly repressing CD44","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00120","article-title":"miR-34\u2014A microRNA replacement therapy is headed to the clinic","volume":"3","author":"Bader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0209","article-title":"Systemic delivery of a miR34a mimic as a potential therapeutic for liver cancer","volume":"13","author":"Daige","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-013-2361-0","article-title":"A phase 1 study of the BCL2-targeted deoxyribonucleic acid inhibitor (DNAi) PNT2258 in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"73","author":"Tolcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2727-2_8","article-title":"A qRT-PCR Method for Determining the Biodistribution Profile of a miR-34a Mimic","volume":"Volume 1317","author":"Kelnar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene Therapy of Solid Cancers"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209026","article-title":"Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA","volume":"368","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.08.015","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of microRNA-targeted therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients","volume":"111","author":"Maan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13432","article-title":"Miravirsen dosing in chronic hepatitis C patients results in decreased microRNA-122 levels without affecting other microRNAs in plasma","volume":"43","author":"Ottosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05065-z","article-title":"miR-103 promotes endothelial maladaptation by targeting lncWDR59","volume":"9","author":"Natarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13282","article-title":"Randomized clinical trials towards a single-visit cure for chronic hepatitis C: Oral GSK2878175 and injectable RG-101 in chronic hepatitis C patients and long-acting injectable GSK2878175 in healthy participants","volume":"27","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31715-9","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and antiviral effect of RG-101 in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A phase 1B, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Stelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0035","article-title":"Clinical development of TargomiRs, a miRNA mimic-based treatment for patients with recurrent thoracic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11918-y","article-title":"Discovery and preclinical evaluation of anti-miR-17 oligonucleotide RGLS4326 for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1159\/000366312","article-title":"By targeting Stat3 microRNA-17-5p promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to ischemia followed by reperfusion","volume":"34","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.123.001446","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of RGLS4326 in Mouse and Monkey, an Anti-miR-17 Oligonucleotide for the Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"51","author":"Kamel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315856","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Development of Noncoding RNA Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"126","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac463","article-title":"Small non-coding RNA therapeutics for cardiovascular disease","volume":"43","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040594","article-title":"Anti-microRNA-21 Therapy on Top of ACE Inhibition Delays Renal Failure in Alport Syndrome Mouse Models","volume":"11","author":"Rubel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1191-6","article-title":"MicroRNA therapy stimulates uncontrolled cardiac repair after myocardial infarction in pigs","volume":"569","author":"Gabisonia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.09.018","article-title":"Endogenous miRNA and target concentrations determine susceptibility to potential ceRNA competition","volume":"56","author":"Bosson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.09.027","article-title":"Impact of microRNA levels, target-site complementarity, and cooperativity on competing endogenous RNA-regulated gene expression","volume":"64","author":"Denzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.01.008","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and cell uptake of antisense oligonucleotides","volume":"87","author":"Geary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw236","article-title":"The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides","volume":"44","author":"Juliano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp841","article-title":"Efficient gene silencing by delivery of locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides, unassisted by transfection reagents","volume":"38","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","article-title":"Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz148","article-title":"Next-generation AAV vectors\u2014Do not judge a virus (only) by its cover","volume":"28","author":"Domenger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0205-4","article-title":"Engineering adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19764","article-title":"A circular RNA binds to and activates AKT phosphorylation and nuclear localization reducing apoptosis and enhancing cardiac repair","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00346-8","article-title":"Examining the evidence for extracellular RNA function in mammals","volume":"22","author":"Gruner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Therapeutic and diagnostic translation of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: Roadmap to the clinic","volume":"1426","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312449","article-title":"Promoters to study vascular smooth muscle","volume":"39","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.01.012","article-title":"The efficacy of cardiac anti-miR-208a therapy is stress dependent","volume":"25","author":"Eding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.244442","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-15 protects against cardiac ischemic injury","volume":"110","author":"Hullinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301780","article-title":"MicroRNA-26a regulates pathological and physiological angiogenesis by targeting BMP\/SMAD1 signaling","volume":"113","author":"Icli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu184","article-title":"The microRNA-15 family inhibits the TGF\u03b2-pathway in the heart","volume":"104","author":"Tijsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027799","article-title":"miR-22 is a novel mediator of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and neointima formation","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2866","article-title":"Nfat and miR-25 cooperate to reactivate the transcription factor Hand2 in heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Dirkx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57275","article-title":"Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis","volume":"121","author":"Rayner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grijalvo, S., Alagia, A., Jorge, A.F., and Eritja, R. (2018). Covalent strategies for targeting messenger and non-coding RNAs: An updated review on siRNA, miRNA and antimiR conjugates. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020074"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.036","article-title":"Development of antibody-siRNA conjugate targeted to cardiac and skeletalmuscles","volume":"237","author":"Sugo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.02.015","article-title":"Centyrin ligands for extrahepatic delivery of siRNA","volume":"29","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam9327","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam9327","article-title":"FolamiRs: Ligand-targeted, vehicle-free delivery of microRNAs for the treatment of cancer","volume":"9","author":"Orellana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bom, A.P.D.A., Bonacossa de Almeida, C.E., Silva, D., and Missailidis, S. (2019). Aptamers as delivery agents of siRNA and chimeric formulations for the treatment of cancer. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11120684"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2014.0501","article-title":"A universal aptamer chimera for the delivery of functional microRNA-126","volume":"25","author":"Rohde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid. Ther."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2019.274","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype-Specific Inverted Terminal Repeat Sequence Role in Vector Transgene Expression","volume":"31","author":"Earley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7691","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S459905","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus Engineering and Load Strategy for Tropism Modification, Immune Evasion and Enhanced Transgene Expression","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1599","article-title":"Reengineering a receptor footprint of adeno-associated virus enables selective and systemic gene transfer to muscle","volume":"28","author":"Asokan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.127","article-title":"Cardiac I-1c overexpression with reengineered AAV improves cardiac function in swine ischemic heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.028","article-title":"Directed evolution of a family of AAV capsid variants enabling potent muscle-directed gene delivery across species","volume":"184","author":"Tabebordbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315525","article-title":"Circular RNA Calm4 Regulates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Pyroptosis via the Circ-Calm4\/miR-124-3p\/PDCD6 Axis","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1256","article-title":"Reexamining assumptions about miRNA-guided gene silencing","volume":"50","author":"Kilikevicius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/amj.2020.03.03","article-title":"Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AME Med. J."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19373","article-title":"Growing heart failure burden of hypertensive heart disease: A call to action","volume":"80","author":"Diez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_228","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 15). Cardiovascular Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035098","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease","volume":"349","author":"Nabel","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11334-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD): Assessment, prediction and policy implications","volume":"21","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2022 update: A report from the American heart association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00014","article-title":"Interpreting the findings from the recent PCSK9 monoclonal antibody cardiovascular outcomes trials","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.06.011","article-title":"The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Douglas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000114","article-title":"PCSK9 and LDLR degradation: Regulatory mechanisms in circulation and in cells","volume":"25","author":"Lagace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_59_19","article-title":"PCSK 9 inhibitors: A short history and a new era of lipid-lowering therapy","volume":"20","author":"Hajar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Views"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.5341","article-title":"Genetic inhibition of PCSK9 and liver function","volume":"6","author":"Rimbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M034371","article-title":"PCSK9-mediated degradation of the LDL receptor generates a 17 kDa C-terminal LDL receptor fragment","volume":"54","author":"Tveten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.09.022","article-title":"Cholesterol in LDL receptor recycling and degradation","volume":"500","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-015-0499-4","article-title":"Targeting PCSK9 for therapeutic gains","volume":"17","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1669558","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticle formulations for small molecules and RNA drugs","volume":"16","author":"Ickenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gareri, C., Polimeni, A., Giordano, S., Tamme, L., Curcio, A., and Indolfi, C. (2022). Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA for the treatment of dyslipidemias. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133884"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61914-5","article-title":"Effect of an RNA interference drug on the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the concentration of serum LDL cholesterol in healthy volunteers: A randomised, single-blind, placebocontrolled, phase 1 trial","volume":"383","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310610","article-title":"A new approach to PCSK9 therapeutics","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387","article-title":"Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol","volume":"382","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.06.009","article-title":"Small interfering ribonucleic acid for cholesterol lowering\u2014Inclisiran: Inclisiran for cholesterol lowering","volume":"16","author":"Soffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3259.ijct20231106","article-title":"Implementation of inclisiran in United Kingdom primary care for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or its-risk equivalents: Rationale and design of Victorion-spirit, a pragmatic phase IIIb, randomised controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.10.007","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of inclisiran for treatment of hypercholesterolemia in 7 clinical trials","volume":"82","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8129513","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8129513","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of inclisiran: A small interfering ribonucleic acid molecule targeting PCSK9-A narrative review","volume":"2022","author":"Mercep","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003863","article-title":"Deep RNA sequencing reveals dynamic regulation of myocardial noncoding RNAs in failing human heart and remodeling with mechanical circulatory support","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2527-5","article-title":"LncRNA CCRR maintains Ca2+ homeostasis against myocardial infarction through the FTO-SERCA2a pathway","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913805","article-title":"Inclisiran for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"382","author":"Raal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449712","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1449712","article-title":"Current usage of inclisiran for cardiovascular diseases: Overview of current clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Harbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/6086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1783829548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/13\/6086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27136086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27136086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}