{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:17:28Z","timestamp":1783685848018,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Goldenhar syndrome is a developmental defect of the 1st and 2nd brachial arches. Facial asymmetry and ear\u2013eye abnormalities are observed. Frequent presence of concomitant issues, including severe OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and sialorrhea, have also been recorded. The presentation of Goldenhar syndrome is highly variable, and treatment procedures also differ, with surgical treatment often being mandatory. Common symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, gasping, and morning headaches. If untreated, it may lead to high blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia, heart problems, stroke, and daytime sleepiness. Its etiology in Goldenhar syndrome is primarily anatomical and multifactorial. The most common treatment options are based on surgical procedures. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) could be considered for use in individuals with Goldenhar syndrome. Mandibular advancement is a standard procedure for relieving the symptoms of OSA. In general, mandibular advancement would reduce apnea and hypopnea. Another method of managing OSA is hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS). Adenotonsillectomy is often the first-line surgical treatment for OSA but it is rarely curative in Goldenhar patients due to underlying skeletal issues. In contrast to American Academy of Sleep Science recommendations of managing OSA, in patients with congenital syndromes, surgical intervention seems to be the most optimal method of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1783683814000},"page":"6169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Goldenhar Syndrome\u2014Embryological, Anatomical, Etiopathogenic Mechanisms and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sluzalec-Wieckiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Kijak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4745-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Dus-Ilnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. T. Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Mikulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Abnormalities, Department of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Laskowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Abnormalities, Department of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Seweryn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Maslowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dental Center, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Miralles-Jorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Quevedo Str. 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Wellbeing, Health and Environmental Sustainability-BeSSA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Paradowska-Stolarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Abnormalities, Department of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530318666180328122035","article-title":"Efficacy and Non Invasive Treatment of Sialorrhea in the Goldenhar Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Marvulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. 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