{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:03:14Z","timestamp":1784178194253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Routinely tested biochemical and haematological molecules in the management of diabetes control, including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) evaluation, are related to estimated whole blood viscosity (eWBV), which is an indicator of diabetic rheology pathology. Examination of the molecules control could establish their value for clinical laboratory-based cardiovascular risk assessment. The study investigated changes in full blood count (FBC) parameters and lipid profiles with eWBV and HbA1c. The predictiveness of FBC parameters for eWBV and HbA1c is explored. This was a laboratory-based observational study that used mixed-methods analyses. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, descriptive, correlation, and regression approaches were applied to archived clinical pathology data from two health facilities, including a dataset of N = 21,026. Results: Lipid profile molecules significantly change with the level of HbA1c (p &lt; 0.001). The levels of eWBV and its determinant molecules also change with HbA1c, and with seasonal variations (p &lt; 0.001). Considering the predictiveness of FBC parameters for HbA1c and eWBV levels, red blood cells (RBC) and their indices, i.e., haemoglobin molecules, show statistical significance. For instance, RBC most strongly predicted HbA1c (r = 0.30) and was highest for eWBV (r = 0.54), while mean cell volume (MCV) showed strongest inverse correlation with HbA1c (r = \u22120.47). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that routine FBC parameters, RBC and its indices, offer a practical, low-cost approach to both monitoring and prediction of HbA1c with blood flow issues. This broadens the understanding of blood rheology in diabetes. Future research should move beyond de-identified laboratory datasets and involve patients\u2019 primary data collection to include medication and clinical information that are unavailable in pathology records.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1783689388000},"page":"6179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Study of Biochemical and Haematological Changes in Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jovita I.","family":"Mbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Medical Sciences, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6265-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip T.","family":"Bwititi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry & Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8664-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin K.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Medical Sciences, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0975-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prajwal","family":"Gyawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Medical Sciences, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1318-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezekiel U.","family":"Nwose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Medical Sciences, Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.6.1150","article-title":"Can hematological parameters in type 2 diabetes predict microvascular complication development?","volume":"35","author":"Onalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. 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