{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:45:05Z","timestamp":1785437105328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TCM Theory Inheritance and Innovation Project of CACMS Innovation Fund","award":["KYG-202404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYG-202404"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82374182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82374182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82374182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82374182"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing High-level Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents Support Program","award":["G202514021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G202514021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a global cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality, and its complex pathological mechanism poses great challenges to clinical prevention and treatment. Paeoniflorin (PA), a monoterpene glycoside active ingredient from Ranunculaceae plants, has shown potential in cardiovascular protection, but its specific anti-CHD molecular targets and systematic regulatory networks remain unclear. In this study, a mouse model of CHD was established, and a multi-omics strategy combining label-free quantitative proteomics and metabolomics was adopted to explore the mechanism of PA in treating CHD. The results showed that PA significantly improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial pathological injury and fibrosis, and regulated lipid metabolism in CHD model mice, with the high-dose group showing the optimal effect. Proteomic analysis identified 51 key differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) reversed by PA, which were mainly enriched in complement and coagulation cascades, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathways, with the C3-Cfd-C3aR signaling axis as the core hub. Further verification confirmed that PA could downregulate the expression of C3, Cfd, C3aR, and their downstream molecule BTK, thereby inhibiting myocardial inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, PA downregulated the expression of platelet activation markers ITGA2B\/ITGB3. Metabolomic analysis revealed that PA reversed 57 abnormal metabolites in CHD mice, which were enriched in GABAergic synapse, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and other pathways. Molecular docking confirmed that PA could stably bind to C3, Cfd, C3aR, BTK, and ITGA2B\/ITGB3 with strong binding activity. In conclusion, PA exerts anti-CHD effects through a multi-target and multi-pathway synergism, mainly by targeting the C3-Cfd-C3aR axis to inhibit inflammation, apoptosis and platelet activation, and regulating metabolic disorders. This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical support for the clinical application of PA as a multi-target therapeutic drug for CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:34:44Z","timestamp":1783996484000},"page":"6236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Omics and Experimental Validation Reveal the Protective Effect of Paeoniflorin Against Coronary Heart Disease in Mice via Inhibiting the C3-Cfd-C3aR Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3850-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Centre of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Centre of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huamin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Projections from 2025 to 2050","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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