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While monogenic causes account for a minority of cases, in most cases, ALS is sporadic and likely arises from multilayer interactions of genetic architecture, aging-associated loss of genome regulation, and inflammatory stress. Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposons are endogenous mobile elements that are tightly controlled through various cellular mechanisms under normal conditions. When abnormally active, they are involved in gene inactivation, expression regulation, and genomic instability, leading to cellular processes such as innate immunity and cell death. Here, we present mechanistic links between LINE-1 and ALS. These include evidence that the burden of retrotransposition-competent LINE-1s (RC-L1s) is increased in ALS genomes, positioning RC-L1 load as a candidate contributor to missing heritability in sporadic disease. We also integrate emerging data showing that LINE-1 RNA can be intrinsically toxic independently of new insertions, as it promotes chromatin opening and transcriptional epigenetic noise, particularly when nuclear RNA surveillance pathways fail in TDP-43 pathology. Finally, we review how LINE-1-derived DNA\/RNA intermediates can engage innate immune sensors, highlighting the cGAS\u2013STING axis as a plausible route from LINE-1 de-repression to neuroinflammation. Together, these concepts support a model in which genetic RC-L1 load and age-\/pathology-driven LINE-1 de-repression converge on nuclear dysfunction and inflammatory amplification, suggesting concrete molecular nodes for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1784016271000},"page":"6244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LINE-1 Retrotransposons and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tinkara","family":"Koro\u0161ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Rogelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-1499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"\u017dupunski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802973-2.00013-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"Volume 138","author":"Talbott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2015.07.006","article-title":"Patterns of Weakness, Classification of Motor Neuron Disease, and Clinical Diagnosis of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Statland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. 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