{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:27:37Z","timestamp":1785432457316,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR24993004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24993004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BR24993004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24993004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kazakhstan ruminant genomics is expanding through targeted diagnostic testing, SNP-array studies, whole-genome sequencing, runs of homozygosity, candidate-gene analyses, transcriptomic studies and pathogen molecular diagnostics. However, these evidence types differ substantially in their relevance for breeding decisions. This structured narrative review evaluates molecular evidence for inherited disorders, deleterious alleles, disease-resistance loci, reproductive genes and genomic-health indicators in Kazakhstan cattle, sheep and goats. We define actionable evidence as evidence that can directly inform breeding management because it involves a validated pathogenic variant, risk variant or fertility haplotype detected or excluded in breeding-relevant animals or germplasm. Under this definition, cattle currently provide the strongest immediately actionable evidence, mainly because targeted studies have screened validated defects and fertility-related loci in artificial-insemination bulls, imported germplasm or breed-relevant populations. Evidence includes Kazakhstan-associated screening for BLAD (Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency), DUMPS (Deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase), hypotrichosis, OH1-associated achromatopsia, fertility haplotypes and several beef- or dairy-breed recessive defects. In sheep, evidence is broader but less directly actionable, consisting mainly of prion protein gene preparedness, MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)-related immune hypotheses, reproductive candidate loci, runs of homozygosity, genome wide associated data and pathogen-exposure context. In goats, current evidence is mostly population-genomic and adaptation-oriented, while hereditary-disease surveillance and phenotype-linked resistance studies remain sparse. We propose an author-defined staged genomic-health framework that separates validated carrier-screening evidence from candidate genomic signals and international evidence requiring local validation. Priority actions include carrier-aware management of high-impact cattle germplasm, representative prion protein gene and runs of homozygosity baselines in small ruminants, phenotype-first surveillance, biobanking and national genotype\u2013phenotype databases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1784084812000},"page":"6268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inherited Disorders and Disease-Resistance Genomics in Kazakhstan Ruminants: Evidence, Limits and Breeding Priorities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aizhan","family":"Mussayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurlan","family":"Malmakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berik","family":"Aringaziev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kairly","family":"Omashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sholpan","family":"Bakhtybekkyzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidana","family":"Bekitayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidiia","family":"Samarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2026, June 17). Livestock Farming-2026: Systemic Modernization of the Sector, New Financial Instruments and Focus on Increasing Export Potential. Available online: https:\/\/primeminister.kz\/en\/news\/reviews\/livestock-farming-2026-systemic-modernization-of-the-sector-new-financial-instruments-and-focus-on-increasing-export-potential-31406."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2026, June 17). The Main Indicators of the Development of Livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as of 1 May 2026, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.kz\/en\/industries\/business-statistics\/stat-forrest-village-hunt-fish\/publications\/484117\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Scherf, B.D., and Pilling, D. (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World\u2019s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.18699\/vjgb-24-47","article-title":"History, Status and Genetic Characteristics of Native Cattle Breeds from the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"28","author":"Khamzina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vavilov J. Genet. Breed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.235","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Genetic Architecture and Selection Signatures of Kazakh Cattle","volume":"46","author":"Niyazbekova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamzina, A.K., Igoshin, A.V., Muslimova, Z.U., Turgumbekov, A.A., Khussainov, D.M., Yudin, N.S., Ussenbekov, Y.S., and Larkin, D.M. (2025). Resequencing Composite Kazakh Whiteheaded Cattle: Insights into Ancestral Breed Contributions, Selection Signatures, and Candidate Genetic Variants. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030385"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4308\/hjb.29.3.301-309","article-title":"Population Analysis and Genetic Structure of Two Kazakh Cattle Breeds Using 150K SNP","volume":"29","author":"Beishova","year":"2022","journal-title":"HAYATI J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-62-305-2019","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Different Breeds of Kazakh Sheep Using Microsatellite Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Dossybayev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dossybayev, K., Amandykova, M., Ualiyeva, D., Kapassuly, T., Kozhakhmet, A., Ciani, E., Bekmanov, B., and Amzeyev, R. (2025). Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Unique Genetic Diversity Represented by Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wooled Sheep Breeds of Kazakhstan. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14111478"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozhakhmet, A., Akhatayeva, Z., Dossybayev, K., Yermekova, M., Kapassuly, T., Yergali, K., Torekhanov, A., Bissenov, U., Lan, X., and Kulataev, B. (2025). Genomic Characterization of the Kazakh Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wool Sheep Breed Using ROH Analysis. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15182714"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3844\/ojbsci.2018.341.348","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Kazakh Native Sheep Breeds Using Mitochondrial DNA","volume":"18","author":"Mukhametzharova","year":"2018","journal-title":"OnLine J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02427-8","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis Provides Insight into the Genetic Diversity and Adaptability of Kazakhstan Local Goats","volume":"15","author":"Kichamu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"202605","article-title":"Genetic Research of Sheep-Goats and Cattle in Kazakhstan: A Review of Research in 2025","volume":"1","author":"Bekmanov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Contig"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13128","article-title":"Kazakhstani Native Cattle Reveal Highly Divergent mtDNA from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Lineages with an Absence of Bos indicus Y Chromosome","volume":"90","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelmanova, A.S., Kharzinova, V.R., Volkova, V.V., Dotsev, A.V., Sermyagin, A.A., Chinarov, R.Y., Zinovieva, N.A., Boronetskaya, O.I., Lutshikhina, E.M., and S\u00f6lkner, J. (2021). Comparative Study of the Genetic Diversity of Local Steppe Cattle Breeds from Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan by Microsatellite Analysis of Museum and Modern Samples. Diversity, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/d13080351"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104252","article-title":"SNP Genotyping and Population Analysis of Five Indigenous Kazakh Sheep Breeds","volume":"241","author":"Pozharskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.26577\/eb.2024.v99.i2.07","article-title":"Sequencing of Candidate Genes Associated with Valuable Agricultural Traits in Sheep of Kazakh Selection","volume":"99","author":"Karimov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhatayeva, Z., Dossybayev, K., Kozhakhmet, A., Yermekova, M., Kapassuly, T., Yergali, K., Kulboldin, T., Torekhanov, A., Kulataev, B., and Iskakov, K. (2025). Genome-Wide Association Study for Body Conformation Traits in Kazakh Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wool Sheep. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16091023"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13144","article-title":"The Eurasian Steppe Is an Important Goat Propagation Route: A Phylogeographic Analysis Using Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Sequences of Kazakhstani Goats","volume":"90","author":"Tabata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhumadillayev, N., Dossybayev, K., Khamzina, A., Kapasuly, T., Khamzina, Z., and Tlevlesov, N. (2022). SNP Genotyping Characterizes the Genome Composition of the New Baisary Fat-Tailed Sheep Breed. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111468"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dossybayev, K., Ualiyeva, D., Kapassuly, T., Amandykova, M., Kozhakhmet, A., Bekmanov, B., Amzeyev, R., and Saitou, N. (2025). Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wooled Sheep Breeds Ovis aries from Kazakhstan. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100988"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4624","article-title":"Harmful Recessive Effects on Fertility Detected by Absence of Homozygous Haplotypes","volume":"94","author":"VanRaden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz, S., Capitan, A., Djari, A., Rodriguez, S.C., Barbat, A., Baur, A., Grohs, C., Weiss, B., Boussaha, M., and Esquerr\u00e9, D. (2013). Detection of Haplotypes Associated with Prenatal Death in Dairy Cattle and Identification of Deleterious Mutations in GART, SHBG and SLC37A2. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065550"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pausch, H., Schwarzenbacher, H., Burgstaller, J., Flisikowski, K., Wurmser, C., Jansen, S., Jung, S., Schnieke, A., Wittek, T., and Fries, R. (2015). Homozygous Haplotype Deficiency Reveals Deleterious Mutations Compromising Reproductive and Rearing Success in Cattle. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1483-7"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"595","article-title":"Methods for Diagnosing the DUMPS, BLAD, HY, and OH1 Hereditary Abnormalities in Cattle and Determining Their Prevalence","volume":"14","author":"Dyussekenova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.96","article-title":"Highly Effective SNP-Based Association Mapping and Management of Recessive Defects in Livestock","volume":"40","author":"Charlier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biscarini, F., Schwarzenbacher, H., Pausch, H., Nicolazzi, E.L., Pirola, Y., and Biffani, S. (2016). Use of SNP Genotypes to Identify Carriers of Harmful Recessive Mutations in Cattle Populations. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3218-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12691","article-title":"Deleterious Alleles in the Context of Domestication, Inbreeding, and Selection","volume":"12","author":"Bosse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12526","article-title":"Runs of Homozygosity: Current Knowledge and Applications in Livestock","volume":"48","author":"Peripolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.109","article-title":"Runs of Homozygosity: Windows into Population History and Trait Architecture","volume":"19","author":"Ceballos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"143","article-title":"Efficiency of Diagnostic Methods for Hypotrichosis, Dilutor and Osteopetrosis in Local Cattle Breeds of the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"15","author":"Dyussekenova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"868","article-title":"Improvement of Diagnostic Methods for Carriers of HH2 and JH1 Fertility Haplotypes in Holstein and Jersey Cows","volume":"14","author":"Junussova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"251","article-title":"Associative Effects of the IL-8 and IL-17A Genes on Reproductive Function and the Occurrence of Lethal Mutations in Cows","volume":"14","author":"Nurpeissova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"219","article-title":"Prevalence of Arachnomelia, Developmental Duplication, Arthrogriposis Multiplex Syndromes in Angus, Hereford, Kazakh White-Headed Breeds","volume":"14","author":"Ussenbekov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orkara, S.O., Khamzina, A.K., Sandybayev, N.S., Sattarova, R., Davletova, A., Khamzin, K., Pokharel, K., Ibragimov, P., Burambayeva, N., and Smagulov, D. (2025). Epidemiological Landscape and Genetic Prospects for Marker-Assisted Selection in Kazakh Sheep. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1647959"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-66-401-2023","article-title":"Detection of Genetic Variations in the GDF9 and BMP15 Genes in Kazakh Meat-Wool Sheep","volume":"66","author":"Amandykova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/77033","article-title":"Mutations in an Oocyte-Derived Growth Factor Gene (BMP15) Cause Increased Ovulation Rate and Infertility in a Dosage-Sensitive Manner","volume":"25","author":"Galloway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.023093","article-title":"Mutations in the Genes for Oocyte-Derived Growth Factors GDF9 and BMP15 Are Associated with Both Increased Ovulation Rate and Sterility in Cambridge and Belclare Sheep (Ovis aries)","volume":"70","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Niu, Z., Zeng, Z., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Ding, Y., Tang, S., Shi, H., and Ding, X. (2020). Using High-Density SNP Array to Reveal Selection Signatures Related to Prolificacy in Chinese and Kazakhstan Sheep Breeds. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091633"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091577598","article-title":"Mutation in Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-IB Is Associated with Increased Ovulation Rate in Booroola Merino Ewes","volume":"98","author":"Mulsant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.4.1225","article-title":"Highly Prolific Booroola Sheep Have a Mutation in the Intracellular Kinase Domain of Bone Morphogenetic Protein IB Receptor (ALK-6) That Is Expressed in Both Oocytes and Granulosa Cells","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.01.006","article-title":"Genetics of Disease Resistance in Sheep and Goats","volume":"70","author":"Bishop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008010","article-title":"PrP Genetics in Ruminant Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies","volume":"39","author":"Goldmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818794247","article-title":"Update on Classical and Atypical Scrapie in Sheep and Goats","volume":"56","author":"Greenlee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003522","article-title":"An Assessment of Opportunities to Dissect Host Genetic Variation in Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Livestock","volume":"3","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2001.0496","article-title":"The Sustainability, Feasibility and Desirability of Breeding Livestock for Disease Resistance","volume":"71","author":"Stear","year":"2001","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01353-3","article-title":"Exploring the Genetic Variability of the PRNP Gene at Codons 127, 142, 146, 154, 211, 222, and 240 in Goats Farmed in the Lombardy Region, Italy","volume":"55","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/ng769","article-title":"A 11.7-kb Deletion Triggers Intersexuality and Polledness in Goats","volume":"29","author":"Pailhoux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440030105","article-title":"Caprine Beta-Mannosidosis: Development of Glial and Myelin Abnormalities in Optic Nerve and Corpus Callosum","volume":"3","author":"Lovell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Liu, Q., Gong, P., Liu, Y., Gao, X., Wang, J., Wang, X., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., and Li, M. (2024). Genome-Wide Association Study Provided Insights into the Polled Phenotype and Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) in Goats. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10568-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3034","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing of 234 Bulls Facilitates Mapping of Monogenic and Complex Traits in Cattle","volume":"46","author":"Daetwyler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115024","article-title":"1000 Bull Genomes Project to Map Simple and Complex Genetic Traits in Cattle: Applications and Outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-024-10059-y","article-title":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA): A Genetic Resource for Vertebrate Animals","volume":"35","author":"Tammen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13010","article-title":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA): A Record of Advances in Animal Genetics, Freely Available on the Internet for 25 Years","volume":"52","author":"Nicholas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"FAO (2011). Molecular Genetic Characterization of Animal Genetic Resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 9, FAO."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12103","article-title":"Mutation Discovery for Mendelian Traits in Non-Laboratory Animals: A Review of Achievements up to 2012","volume":"45","author":"Nicholas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D599","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj152","article-title":"OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals): An Enhanced Platform and Integration into the Entrez Search Interface at NCBI","volume":"34","author":"Lenffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12012","article-title":"Estimates of Autozygosity Derived from Runs of Homozygosity: Empirical Evidence from Selected Cattle Populations","volume":"130","author":"Gredler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purfield, D.C., Berry, D.P., McParland, S., and Bradley, D.G. (2012). Runs of Homozygosity and Population History in Cattle. BMC Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-13-70"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"774","article-title":"Dependence of the Variability of the HSP70 Gene on Adaptation to Heat Stress in Kalmyk and Kazakh White-Headed Cattle Breeds","volume":"15","author":"Ussenbekov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadyrova, M., Ostrovskii, A., Mukanov, K., Kassen, A., Shevtsova, E., Berdikulov, M., Vergnaud, G., and Shevtsov, A. (2024). Molecular Characterization of Anaplasma spp. in Cattle from Kazakhstan. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100894"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.67-75","article-title":"First Study on Molecular Identification of Anaplasma ovis in Sheep in Southern Kazakhstan","volume":"18","author":"Ostrovskii","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozhayeva, A., Kereyev, A., Shevtsov, A., Abdigulov, B., Smagulov, D., Khamzina, S., Kulzhanova, B., Nurzhanova, K., Bupebayeva, L., and Khamzina, A. (2025). Molecular Prevalence of Coenurus cerebralis in Sheep Exhibiting Neurological Symptoms in Kazakhstan. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1620425"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, W., Kairat, Z., Awulibieer, M., Abylay, S., Serik, K., Yang, M., Wang, Y., and Hazihan, W. (2025). Molecular Detection of Piroplasms, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia Species in Kazakhstan. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1533589"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.2320-2331","article-title":"Development and Application of a Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection and Genotyping of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Cattle from Kazakhstan","volume":"18","author":"Ostrovskii","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82878-x","article-title":"Identifications of Immune-Responsive Genes for Adaptative Traits by Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Spleen Tissue from Kazakh and Suffolk Sheep","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583795","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2025.2583795","article-title":"Genetic Variation and mRNA Expression of the ELOVL6 and CRTC2 Genes in Kalmyk Cattle","volume":"36","author":"Kazhgaliyev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"749","article-title":"Prevalence and Vectors of Theileria annulata in Cattle across Various Ecological Zones of West Kazakhstan Region","volume":"15","author":"Sidikhov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"444","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of the Sheeppox Virus Strain Isolated in the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"15","author":"Omarbekova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamanova, S., Kassenov, M., Nurpeisova, A., Kaimoldina, S., Bashenova, E., Karabassova, A., Kirpichenko, V., Akshalova, P., Ikramkulova, F., and Kassen, A. (2026). Integrated BLV Surveillance in Kazakhstan, 2025: Diagnostic Complementarity and Risk Zoning. Front. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1798232"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3690506","article-title":"A Missense Mutation in the Bovine SLC35A3 Gene, Encoding a UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine Transporter, Causes Complex Vertebral Malformation","volume":"16","author":"Thomsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlier, C., Agerholm, J.S., Coppieters, W., Karlskov-Mortensen, P., Li, W., de Jong, G., Fasquelle, C., Karim, L., Cirera, S., and Cambisano, N. (2012). A Deletion in the Bovine FANCI Gene Compromises Fertility by Causing Fetal Death and Brachyspina. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043085"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9225","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.19.9225","article-title":"Identification and Prevalence of a Genetic Defect That Causes Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency in Holstein Cattle","volume":"89","author":"Shuster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beishova, I., Dossybayev, K., Shamshidin, A., Belaya, A., Bissembayev, A., Khamzin, K., Kovalchuk, A., and Nametov, A. (2022). Distribution of Homozygosity Regions in the Genome of Kazakh Cattle Breeds. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14040279"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4fliger, I.M., Marchionatti, E., Steng\u00e5rd, M., Wolf-Hofstetter, S., Paris, J.M., Jacinto, J.G.P., Watt\u00e9, C., Voelter, K., Occelli, L.M., and Kom\u00e1romy, A.M. (2021). CNGB3 Missense Variant Causes Recessive Achromatopsia in Original Braunvieh Cattle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212440"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1165","article-title":"DUMPS Cattle Carry a Point Mutation in the Uridine Monophosphate Synthase Gene","volume":"16","author":"Schwenger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14713","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14713","article-title":"Genotyping of Holstein Cows by SELL, MX1 and CXCR1 Gene Loci Associated with Mastitis Resistance","volume":"59","author":"Muslimova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacinto, J.G.P., Markey, A.D., Veiga, I.M.B., Paris, J.M., Welle, M., Beever, J.E., and Dr\u00f6gem\u00fcller, C. (2021). A KRT71 Loss-of-Function Variant Results in Inner Root Sheath Dysplasia and Recessive Congenital Hypotrichosis of Hereford Cattle. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071038"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7274","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10777","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genetic Effects of Recessive Haplotypes on Yield, Longevity, and Fertility","volume":"99","author":"Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330","article-title":"The Variant Call Format and VCFtools","volume":"27","author":"Danecek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-Generation PLINK: Rising to the Challenge of Larger and Richer Datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A Program for Annotating and Predicting the Effects of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SnpEff","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109","article-title":"Fast Model-Based Estimation of Ancestry in Unrelated Individuals","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.01.005","article-title":"A Unified Approach to Genotype Imputation and Haplotype-Phase Inference for Large Data Sets of Trios and Unrelated Individuals","volume":"84","author":"Browning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu211","article-title":"Selscan: An Efficient Multithreaded Program to Perform EHH-Based Scans for Positive Selection","volume":"31","author":"Szpiech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population Structure","volume":"38","author":"Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/14\/6268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:10:58Z","timestamp":1784085058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/14\/6268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27146268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27146268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}}}