{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:23:57Z","timestamp":1785435837419,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["K 125436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K 125436"]}]},{"award":["K 125436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K 125436"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-resistant epilepsy is often associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). As demonstrated by numerous studies, defects in perisomatic inhibition may play a role in the formation of seizures. In our previous study, we observed an increase in parvalbumin-immunopositive perisomatic input. It has been observed that other perisomatic inhibitory cells expressing cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and containing cholecystokinin (CCK) sprout in epileptic hippocampi. Therefore, we have investigated whether CB1R-immunopositive innervation has also changed in FCD. FCDIIB surgical samples were compared to controls with short post-mortem delay. The perisomatic input contacting principal cells was examined by NeuN-CB1R double immunostaining. Quantification in 3D was performed using a confocal fluorescence microscope. The results show that the CB1R-immunopositive synaptic input of principal cells is significantly larger in FCD cases. This condition may be an adaptive response to abnormal activity, or it may be a pre-existing pathology that is exacerbated by seizures. The reorganisation of the perisomatic inhibitory system has the potential to further increase the seizure probability in both cases. It should be noted that alterations in both PV- and CCK-CB1R-expressing basket cells may be implicated in seizure generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:12:38Z","timestamp":1784257958000},"page":"6326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased Cannabinoid Receptor 1-Immunopositive Perisomatic Input of Principal Cells in Human Epileptic Patients in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type IIB"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Szekeres-Paraczky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Szent\u00e1gothai J\u00e1nos Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Human Brain Research Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HUN-REN, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Szocsics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Szent\u00e1gothai J\u00e1nos Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Human Brain Research Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HUN-REN, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lor\u00e1nd","family":"Er\u0151ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Center of Neuromodulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1145 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya S.","family":"Mih\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Borb\u00e1la Hospital, 2800 Tatab\u00e1nya, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Magl\u00f3czky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Szent\u00e1gothai J\u00e1nos Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Human Brain Research Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HUN-REN, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12579","article-title":"Prevalence of epilepsy\u2014An unknown quantity","volume":"55","author":"Beghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12605","article-title":"An unknown quantity\u2014The worldwide prevalence of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002033420503","article-title":"Early identification of refractory epilepsy","volume":"342","author":"Kwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. 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