{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:10:38Z","timestamp":1785409838927,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP J53D23002200006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J53D23002200006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009874","name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["L.R. 22\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L.R. 22\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["L.R. 22\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L.R. 22\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tjrd904","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beneficentia Stiftung Liechtenstein Foundation"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058bc7h45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease (MOLD) exhibit chronic bronchitis and inflammation, along with a progressive decline in lung function. Lung monitoring is typically performed using spirometry, especially by measuring the forced expired volume in the first second (FEV1). However, the limitations of spirometry motivated the exploration of alternative approaches. The spin\u2013spin relaxation time (T2m) and the spin\u2013lattice relaxation time (T1m) of sputum water hydrogens were measured using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) in 38 MOLD patients and 16 controls. The levels of TNF\u03b1\/IL-6, the sputum microbiome composition\/amount\/indices and FEV1 were determined in parallel. We also investigated the correlation between T2m\/T1m and the disease index (ID); ID, calculated relying on patient FEV1\/TNF\u03b1\/IL-6\/bacteria concentration Cb values, is a measure of the patient\u2019s distance from the average healthy control. We observed the following significant correlations: T2m\/T1m with ID, T2m with Cb, a potential correlation of T2m with the bacteria genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, T2m with the Shannon index, which reflects the broadness of the bacterial community in the sputum, and T2m with TNF\u03b1. FEV1 did not show any correlation. Our noninvasive\/radiation-free\/portable method of T2m\/T1m measurement shows potential value in monitoring lung conditions in MOLD patients and may contribute to improved clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1784278852000},"page":"6355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pilot Study on the Use of Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Noninvasive Tool for Monitoring Mucus in Obstructive Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Biasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Salton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4791-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Abriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 65\/1 Via Dell\u2019istria, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 65\/1 Via Dell\u2019istria, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Tierno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Tonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Adrover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Venditti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9704-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9785-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Abrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01406-2015","article-title":"Lung microbiome dynamics in COPD 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