{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:04:30Z","timestamp":1785416670351,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.A510.26.075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.26.075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SUBZ.A510.26.075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.26.075"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qpw1b93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of melanocytes, resulting in the appearance of depigmented patches on the skin. The aim of the present review is to discuss current therapeutic methods and to outline promising directions for the treatment of this dermatosis. The review describes pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and the JAK\/STAT pathways, which constitute the foundation of contemporary therapeutic interventions. The efficacy and safety of topical treatments (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, JAK inhibitors), phototherapy (NB-UVB, PUVA, excimer laser), combination therapies, and surgical methods such as cellular and tissue grafts are discussed. Data indicate that the combination of phototherapy with topical agents enhances repigmentation efficacy, and JAK inhibitors represent promising drugs in targeted therapy. Particular value is attributed to preparations modulating the immune response and to melanocyte transplantation techniques, which emerge as highly effective and forward-looking treatment options for vitiligo. Nevertheless, effective management of vitiligo requires a multidirectional approach combining pharmacological, immunomodulatory, and regenerative interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:54:13Z","timestamp":1784534053000},"page":"6374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitiligo\u2014Current Treatment Options and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wojno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Wojno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3157-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Karwowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5748-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Chmielewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Dermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141yko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15743","article-title":"Vitiligo: A Focus on Pathogenesis and Its Therapeutic Implications","volume":"48","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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