{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:16:55Z","timestamp":1785406615845,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010731","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-69"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["103-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103-69"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m2fqn25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elizabethkingia species have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens associated with multidrug resistance and persistent infections. This study aimed to characterize clinical Elizabethkingia isolates from Northern Thailand regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence-associated phenotypes, and biofilm formation, and to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) film. A total of 49 clinical isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, with species identification confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against 12 agents. Virulence traits (protease, lipase, lecithinase, and hemolysin production) and biofilm formation were assessed using standard phenotypic assays. DAC films were evaluated against selected resistant isolates. Elizabethkingia anophelis predominated, and most isolates exhibited multidrug or extensive drug resistance, with high resistance to carbapenems and cephalosporins. Piperacillin\u2013tazobactam, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole showed the greatest activity. All isolates demonstrated protease production and time-dependent hemolysis, while lipase and lecithinase activities were absent. Biofilm formation varied among isolates, while DAC films inhibited bacterial growth and prevented detectable biofilm formation in the tested isolates. No significant difference was observed between DAC and DAC supplemented with meropenem in inhibition zone diameters (p = 0.555). Clinical Elizabethkingia isolates demonstrated extensive antimicrobial resistance with conserved virulence traits and heterogeneous biofilm formation. DAC films demonstrated antimicrobial activity and prevented detectable biofilm formation under the experimental conditions. Further studies are warranted to evaluate their mechanism of action and potential applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:32:54Z","timestamp":1784539974000},"page":"6392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Clinical Elizabethkingia Isolates and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Dialdehyde Cellulose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3326-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sastra","family":"Yuantrakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2215-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orathai","family":"Yinsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5531-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanpong","family":"Chaiwarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punnaporn","family":"Srisithan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Guangxi Technology Innovation Cooperation Base of Prevention and Control Pathogenic Microbes with Drug Resistance, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritsana","family":"Ruenjai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phadungkiat","family":"Khamnoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Section, Diagnostic Laboratory, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3325-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwanjit","family":"Duangsonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, S.Y., Chen, L.K., Wu, W.J., Paramita, P., Yang, P.W., Li, Y.Z., Lai, M.J., and Chang, K.C. 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