{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:04:06Z","timestamp":1784696646820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d, IRCCS, 00149, Rome"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU","award":["CUP F53C24001620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F53C24001620001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater-based surveillance has emerged as a powerful approach for population-level monitoring of pathogen circulation in a timely and non-invasive manner. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was applied to wastewater samples collected from a hospital (HP), a university campus (UN), and a wastewater treatment plant (WTP). Viral sequences were taxonomically classified using Kraken2. Specifically, HP samples showed the highest viral richness, followed by WTP and UN samples (HP vs. UN, p = 0.0003; WTP vs. UN, p = 0.0018). Using Jaccard distance, significant differences were observed between WTP and UN (R2 = 0.181, p &lt; 0.001), WTP and HP (R2 = 0.159, p &lt; 0.001), and UN and HP (R2 = 0.223, p &lt; 0.001), and similarly, for S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice dissimilarity: WTP vs. UN (R2 = 0.238, p &lt; 0.001), WTP vs. HP (R2 = 0.212, p &lt; 0.001), and UN vs. HP (R2 = 0.307, p &lt; 0.001). Human-associated viral families were detected across all sources, predominantly Poxviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Polyomaviridae and Circoviridae. Furthermore, the taxonomic composition of indirectly associated viruses, mainly Anelloviridae and Crassvirales, was examined. Overall, these findings support the potential of wastewater metagenomics as a reliable tool for monitoring viral diversity within environmental and public health contexts, although further research is needed to establish its operational utility for routine surveillance applications within a One Health framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:32:54Z","timestamp":1784539974000},"page":"6430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Viral Communities in Hospital, University and Urban Wastewater by Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3036-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nappo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Laboratories of 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Spallanzani\u2014IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Carletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Laboratories of Biosecurity, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2014IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Pietrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2837-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Petricciuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied and 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4789-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Talarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici SpA, EXSCALATE, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4983-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermanno","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Chillemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2014IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Laboratories of Biosecurity, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani\u2014IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00386-X","article-title":"Wastewater concentrations of human influenza, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and seasonal coronavirus nucleic-acids during the COVID-19 pandemic: A surveillance 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