{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:05:38Z","timestamp":1784718338522,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry","award":["503\/1-062-02\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-062-02\/503-51-001-19-00"]}]},{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry","award":["503\/5-062-02\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/5-062-02\/503-51-001-19-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroimmune dysregulation and altered pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling have been implicated in selected phenotypes of depressive and anxiety disorders. Interleukin-37 (IL-37), a member of the IL-1 family, exerts anti-inflammatory effects through extracellular signaling involving IL-18R\u03b1 and IL-1R8 and intracellular interactions with SMAD3. This scoping review mapped direct and indirect evidence concerning the relevance of IL-37 to depressive and anxiety disorders. PubMed\/MEDLINE was searched through 12 July 2026, supplemented by backward citation searching and reference-list checking; evidence was charted by study type, population or model, IL-37 assessment, principal findings, and level of psychiatric relevance. Thirty-two IL-37-related sources were included. Direct psychiatric evidence comprised one small cross-sectional human study and two rodent stress-model studies, in which IL-37 was assessed as one component of broader inflammatory profiles rather than as a prespecified primary biomarker or intervention target. The remaining evidence was derived from non-psychiatric inflammatory conditions, central nervous system disease models, or mechanistic studies. These findings provide hypothesis-generating biological context but do not establish psychiatric specificity, causality, biomarker validity, or therapeutic efficacy. IL-37 should therefore be considered an exploratory research variable requiring validation in well-characterized longitudinal psychiatric cohorts using standardized assays and integrated immune profiling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1784717308000},"page":"6496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL-37 and Neuroimmune Mechanisms Relevant to Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Kunikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ga\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan Pin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI Lab & Care), CMU Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"},{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan"},{"name":"An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Tainan 709204, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bli\u017aniewska-Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ga\u0142ecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01188-w","article-title":"Association of inflammation with depression and anxiety: Evidence for symptom-specificity and potential causality from UK Biobank and NESDA cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. 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